
Glass__a£i_3M. 
Book Ai- 



WAR DEPARTMENT 
OFFICE OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL 



PACK TRANSPORTATION 



QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT 



BY 

Mr. H. W. DALY 

Chief Packer 

UNDER DIRECTION OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL 
U. S. ARMY 



PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE 
SECRETARY OF WAR FOR USE IN 
THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1908 



WAR DEPARTMENT 
OFFICE OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL 



PACK TRANSPORTATION^^'' 



QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT 



BY 

Mr. H. W. DALY 

Chief Packet- 

UNDER DIRECTION OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL 
U. S. ARMY 



PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE 
SECRETARY OF WAR FOR USE IN 
THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES 






WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1908 



UC363 



0£C 19 iy08 
Dj or 0« 



CONTEISTTS 



Section. Page. 

Preface 9 

General history 11 

Evolution of the aparejo 14 

Evolution of the diamond hitch ' 21 

Chapter I. 
Pack saddles, description and uses: 

The Aparejo . .-. 1 22 

Accessories of the aparejo 1 22 

Crosstree or sawbuck 2 26 

Moore pack saddle 3 26 

Chapter II. 

Assembling and care of the aparejo: 

Selection of sticks suitable for ribbing aparejos . . 4 31 

Selection of hay suitable as padding for aparejos 5 31 

Setting up the aparejo 6 31 

Causes of belly "bunches" and sore tails on pack mules and direc- 
tions for their prevention and cure 7 35 

Setting up the Daly aparejo for use 8 36 

Chapter III. 
School system of instruction : 

A. Instruction of the individual packer in preparation for his duties 
in the pack train — 

1. Securing and coiling ropes — 

How to prepare lash, sling, and lair ropes 9 40 

How to do up a lash rope 10 41 

How to do up a sling rope 11 41 

How to do up a lair rope 12 41 

2. Lairing up the packs — 

How to square ends of packs before lairing up 13 41 

How to lair up side packs 14 42 

How to lair up side pack of ropes without the aid of 

pack cover or manta 15 43 

How to lair up an aparejo and riding saddle for storage 

or shipment 16 43 

3. Putting the aparejo on the mule — 

How to fold an a{)arejo blanket 17 43 

How to place blanket on aparejo preparatory to putting 

on the aparejo 18 44 

How to blind a pack mule 19 44 

How to place corona, blanket, and aparejo on the mule. 20 44 

How to turn the crupper 21 47 

How to cinch an aparejo 22 47 

Forming the load preparatory to loading the mule 23 50 

4. Slinging the load — 

How to place the sling rope on the aparejo 24 50 

How to lift side packs and place them on the aparejo 25 50 

How to sling the load and tie the square knot 26 53 

How to brake a side pack 27 55 

How to double sling the side packs when length of 

packs requires it 28 55 

How to cross sling side packs when top packs are neces- 
sary '. 29 56 

How to double cross sling side packs when length of 

packs requires it 30 56 

4 3 



4 CONTENTS. 

School system of instruction — Continued. Section. 

A. Instruction of the individual packer in preparation for his duties 
in the pack train — Continued. 

5. leashing the load- 

How to form the diamond hitch 31 57 

How to form the doul:)le diamond 32 89 

How to form the double hitch 33 94 

How to form the diamond hitch when the cinch hook 

is lost or broken ■ 34 94 

How one packer can sling the load and form the (ha- 

mond hitch 35 94 

How to form the pole hitch 36 95 

How to form the Oregon diamond hitch 37 98 

6. How to sling the load and form thecrosstree hitch on cross- 

tree or sawbuck — 

How to sling the load on crosstree 38 1 03 

How to form the crosstree hitch 39 103 

How to form the stirrup hitch 40 108 

7. Taking off the load and aparejo — 

How to take off the lash rope and the load 41 108 

How to uncinch an aparejo and turn the crupper 42 115 

How to take off an aparejo 43 115 

8. Miscellaneous — 

How to form two half hitches, the pole hitch 44 115 

How to form a bowline knot 45 116 

How to form a bowline and bight 46 116 

How to construct a travois 47 116 

How to improvise a stretcher 48 117 

Chapter IV. 

B. Instruction in the service of a pack train: 

1. Summary of duties in loading and unloading a train 49 121 

2. Loading a pack train — 

How to form cargo preparatory to loading the mules 50 121 

How to place the rigging 51 122 

How to teach animals to come properly to rigging 52 122 

How to tie animals to rigging 53 123 

How to do uj) halter shank before tying animal to his load . 54 125 

How to tie an animal to his load 55 125 

How to load a pack train for the day's march in the most 

expeditious manner ■ 56 125 

Putting on aparejos 57 126 

Putting on the cargo 58 126 

Leaving the park or camp ground 59 127 

3. Duties on the march- 

In open country 60 127 

On bad and narrow trails 61 127 

■Up and down a mountain 62 128 

In crossing streams, either fording or swimming 63 128 

How to catch a pack animal when his load needs attention. 64 128 

How to tighten a load and indicate it has been tightened. . . 65 128 

How to teach saddle mules to stand 66 129 

Signal code 67 129 

4. How to park (unload) a pack train — 

Outline of duties 68 130 

How pack animals should be led to cargador for convenience 

in taking off the rigging 69 130 

How to cover cargo and tie down 70 131 

How to cover rigging and tie down 71 131 

How to stretch a picket line 72 131 

How to clean coronas 73 132 

How to fold pack covers 74 133 

How to fold rigging covers 75 133 

How to fold cargo covers 76 133 

How to fold feed covers 77 133 



CONTENTS. 5 

Chapter V. 
Marches and loads: Section. Page. 

1. What may be required of the pack mule under ordinary conditions. . 78 134 

^Mountainous country 79 134 

Forced marches 80 134 

2. Gaits 81 135 

3. Table showing loads and rates of travel t-onsidered practicable for a 

well-organized and seasoned train 82 135 

4. Endurance of the pack mule under proper conditions 83 136 

Chapter VI. 
Organization: 

1. Usual organization and equipment of a pack vrain 84 138 

2. Table showing size and quantity of rope and canvas required for one 

pack train 85 138 

3. Articles of equipment in use in pack trains — 

Mess or kitchen boxes 86 139 

Packer's field stove, with kit 87 139 

Cooking outfit, without stove 88 139 

Pack-train mess kit 89 139 

Clothes or war bags 90 139 

Packer's wardrobe 91 139 

Packer's wall tent 92 140 

Tool sacks 93 1 40 

Grass or hay pads 94 140 

Pack covers 95 140 

Rigging covers 96 140 

Cargo covers 97 140 

Feed covers 98 140 

Cargador's box 99 140 

Cargador's kit 100 141 

Blacksmith's boxes 101 141 

Blacksmith's kit 102 141 

4. How to organize a pack train 103 141 

5. The essential conditions in the selection of the packer 104 143 

The skilled packer 105 144 

The novice or unskilled packer 106 145 

Instructions to pack masters 107 145 

6. Duties of individuals: 

The chief packer 108 145 

The assistant chief packer 109 146 

The pack master 110 146 

The cargador or assistant pack master Ill 147 

The blacksmith 112 148 

The packer 113 149 

The cook 114 149 

What packers are not i)ermitted to do 115 150 

Feeding 116 150 

Watering : 117 151 

Grooming 118 151 

Traveling 119 151 

Camping 120 152 

Use of blinds 121 152 

Kindness to animals 1 22 152 

Precautions 123 153 

Glossary 124 153 

7. Specifications for pack and riding mules 125 155 

What to avoid in the selection of pack mules 126 156 

Chapter VII. 

The Daly aparejo, specifications for construction: 

1. The body of the aparejo .' 127 157 

2. The crupper ;. . 127 160 

3. The aparejo cover or sobre jalma 127 161 

4. The aparejo cincha 127 161 

5. The corona 127 162 



6 CONTENTS. 

The Daly aparejo, specifications for construction — Continued. Section. Page. 

6. Tlie pack blanket 127 163 

7. Halters 127 163 

8. Packers' blinds 127 164 

9 Packers' saddles 127 164 

10. Bridles 127 164 

11. Pack covers 127 164 

12. Rigging covers 127 164 

13. Cargo covers 127 165 

14. Feed covers 127 165 

15. Lash rope with cincha 127 165 

16. Sling ropes 127 165 

17. Lair ropes 127 165 

18. Stamping 127 165 

Ribbing for Daly aparejos 128 166 

19. Saddle bars 128 166 

20. Boot bars 128 166 

21. Hickory ribs 128 167 

22. Hay 128 167 

Table showing weights of pack saddles and equipments 129 168 

Chapter VIII. 
D. Special devices: 

Tool pouches ( Engineer Corps) 130 169 

Pack chests (Engineer Corps) 131 169 

Pack reel (Signal Corps) 132 173 

Pack chests (Signal Corps) 133 175 

Litter carrier ( Hospital Corps) 134 177 

Ammunition boxes (Ordnance Department) 135 181 

Pack outfit. American model for Maxim automatic machine gun .30 

caliber 136 185 

Pack outfit. American model for 2.95-inch Vickers-Maxim mountain 

gun 137 198 



War Department, 
Office of the Quartermaster-General, 

Washington, July 17, 1908. 
Sir: I have the honor to forward herewith manuscript copy of a 
manual entitled " Pack Transportation, Q. M. D." with 93 illustra- 
tions. 

Under direction of this office, Mr. H. W. Daly, chief packer of the 
army, has prepared this work, which was later sent to Col. H. L. 
Scott, Superintendent of the Military Academy, who has had a wide 
experience with pack trains, and who, at the request of the Quarter- 
master-General, undertook the work of revision of this manuscript. 

It is recommended that this work be published in an edition of 
1,000 copies, 250 in cloth and 750 in paper binding. So far as this 
office has been able to ascertain, this manual contains the most com- 
plete history and detailed explanation of the art of packing that has 
yet been published and is, of its kind, it is believed, unique. It is 
considered that it will be of great value to the army at large and a 
valuable addition to the literature heretofore published upon this 
subject. 

In transmitting this manuscript for publication this office desires 
to record its appreciative thanks to Colonel Scott and Mr. Daly for 
their efforts which, it is confidently believed, in the form of this 
publication, will be valued by the army at large. 
Very respectfully, 

J. B. Aleshire, 
Quartermaster-General, U. S. Army. 
To the Secretary of War. 

7 



PREFACE. 



The writer of this manual. Mr. Henry W. Daly, chief packmaster. 
Quartermaster's Department, U. vS. Army, is the last of the old-time 
packers, the last of those who grew up with the pack service under 
Gen. George Crook, some of whom have followed " the bell " from the 
British line far down into old Mexico, and later in Alaska, Cuba, 
China, and the Philippines. Of them all he stands foremost as the 
most observant, the one who has added most to the efficiency of the 
pack service, and one Avho has placed the mounted service under last- 
ing obligations to him — 

First. By discovering the causes of the various "bunches" that 
arise on the mule's body. 

Second. In discovering a simple remedy which reduces these 
" bunches " before they break down and suppurate. 

Third. By his various inventions described in these pages. 

Fourth. Finally, by placing the results of his experience in Avritten 
form, so as to be preserved for the use of others. 

From time to time, on account of the expense and difficulty of ap- 
plication, efforts have been made without success to substitute some 
other system of packing for the aparejo and the diamond hitch. In 
testing these systems there is always one fundamental and vital ques- 
tion to be asked, viz, does the substitute permit the rapid and easy 
alteration of the bearing surface promptly to reduce the " bunches " 
Avhich arise from many causes and which, if not promptly reduced, 
speedily render the animal unserviceable. If the substitute does not 
adequately meet this test (which so far has only been met by the 
aparejo) it must be rejected. There are many other important ad- 
vantages possessed by the aparejo over other systems, as will appear 
in the study of this book. 

The value of the pack train has not lessened since the days of the 
Indian campaigns. Rapid and prolonged marches (impossible for 
wagons) are not yet out of date. It is just as necessary now to arrive 
on the field with food, ammunition, and medical supplies as it ever 
was. The usefulness of the pack train in carrying ammunition to 
supply the firing line where wagons can not go is not disputed by 
anyone. It behooves, therefore, all officers of the mobile force to 
understand the management of the pack train in all its branches, 
remembering that the " throwing of the diamond " is but a small part 
of the art. and one that is easily and quickly learned ; that in the ad- 
justment of the interior of the aparejo lies success or failure in the 
conservation of the back of the animal; that the train must be kept 
hard, lean, muscular, and docile by constant exercise carrying loads, 

9 



10 PEEFACE. 

and that by so doing mounted officers will be able to keep the accom- 
plishment of their plans and the success of their undertakings in their 
own hands. I urge upon all persons in authority that they cherish 
the pack train and the packer, and see to it that proper trains are 
always ready in time of need, which time will come at the very begin- 
ning of any war on land. 

H. L. Scott, 
Colonel^ U. S. Army, 
Superintendent U. S. Military Academy. 
West Poi^s^t, N. Y., December 10, 1907. 

In the present book it is designed to give a general history of pack 
transportation, its employment in European and Asiatic countries, 
and its introduction into and development in the army of the United 
States, including a description of the various pack saddles, their com- 
parative usefulness, and the latest improvements. 

In the school system of packing the detailed instruction of an in- 
dividual packer is first considered; then the more general instruc- 
tions applicable to the service of a pack train is provided for. A brief 
discussion of marches and loads is included, with carefully prepared 
tables, showing practicable marches, loads, and rates of travel, etc., 
for a well-organized pack train. 

A few notes on feeding, watering, traveling, etc., are included, as 
also a glossary of terms. 

H. W. D. 

Fort Leavenworth, Kans., June, 1907. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

Primitive man in seeking a mode of transportation other than that 
of the personal burthen naturally utilized the most docile and tracta- 
ble of the available animal kingdom. The elephant, camel, llama, ox, 
horse, mule, burro, reindeer, and dog, all by natural selection, have 
paid tribute to assist him in his travels. 

There resulted necessarily pack saddles of various designs adapted 
to the conformation of the animal employed. 

When man in an inventive mood introduced the " wheel " and de- 
veloped this wheel transportation progressively by animal draft, 
steam, and electrical power, the employment of pack animals as the 
only means of rapid transportation had been relieved to a considerable 
extent; yet the occasion has and will oftentimes be necessary to cut 
loose from railroad and animal draft, when time, celerity, and free- 
dom of movement becomes a prime factor in the success of an under- 
taking, especially in the zone of active operations. 

The "crosstree " or sawbuck and the " aparejo " are used by civilized 
man, and it is a question which antedates the other. 

The crosstree may be said to be universal, as it has been in use in 
European and Asiatic countries for centuries. It is believed that the 
Eomans carried it into Gaul (France) and Britain in the conquest of 
these countries under Julius Caesar in 58-55 B. C. The French and 
the British carried it into Canada and the United States in the settle- 
ment of those territories. 

In the mountainous portions of the British Isles and Switzerland 
there may be still seen the original method of carrying marketable 
supplies in " wicker " baskets fitted over the forks of the saddle and 
strapped to the donkey by the cincha and tightening strap. It is not 
unusual for the baskets to be unequally loaded, and often the loads are 
balanced by the addition of a billet of wood or a few stones. I have 
seen a sack of wheat en route to the mill balanced by a large stone in 
the opposite basket; also, en route to market, all hobbled and alive, a 
pig balancing a gojit and a bunch of chickens. 

In Canada, United States, Mexico, and South America they use 
" paniers " (French for basket) or pouches, made of canvas or leather 
which fit over the forks of the saddle and are strapped to the animal 
with cincha and tightening strap. In the above-named countries 
organized " burro " pack trains equipped with these paniers are em- 
ployed to pack the ore from the mines to the stamp mills. 

The system of " slinging and lashing " the load by means of ropes 
was seldom employed in the government service because of a lack of 

11 



12 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

pad protection for the animal's body. However, the system was used 
by Gen. E. S. Mackenzie after the civil wur in his Indian campaigns 
against the Kiowas and Comanches in the Southwest. The individual 
trapper, miner, and prospector packed with this system his few wants 
consisting of his grub stake and mining tools. 

The aparejo (pronounced " ap-pa-ray-ho "), a pack saddle, is be- 
lieved to be of Arabian origin. The Arabs being a nomadic and pas- 
toral people, employing the camel, horse, burro and its cross descend- 
ent, the mule, indigenous to Asiatic countries. The origin of the 
aparejo dates back to the employment of these animals as beasts of 
burden from remotest ages. 

The aparejo was introduced into Spain by the Moors (see footnote) 
on the conquest of that country in the eighth century, and on the 
discovery of the western continent (America) the Spaniards carried 
it into South America and Mexico. Irving in his Conquest of Gran- 
ada ° records that Isabella of Spain, in 1486, organized, equipped, and 
maintained pack trains for the conquest of Granada, aggregating 
14,000 mules and burros, which carried supplies and munitions of 
war for her army of 13,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry. In the 
retinue of many nobles of note (Don Inigo Lopez de Mendoza, Duke 
of Infantado)** the sumpter (pack) mules had housings similar to 
those of the cavalry, of rich cloth embroidered with gold, and others 
of brocade with halters of silk, while the bridles, headpieces, and all 
the harnessings glittered with silver. iVn imitation of this feudal 
custom was made in the United States Government service prior to the 
Spanish-American war, 1898, when the " arrieros " (packers) would 
spend odd hours of loving toil upon the " grupera " and " corona " 
(crupper and saddle cloth), working the representation of some ani- 
mal, bird, insignia, or legend with silken thread of various colors; the 
saddle, stock or cowboy, costing, when " full rigged," from $75 to 
$100, with its full skirting, sweaters, toe fenders fitting over the stir- 
rups, from 12 to 18 inches long, and cantinas (saddle pockets) over 
cantle and pommel, the pommel being provided w^ith the customary 
horn or cap (cabeza de silla), a necessary holdfast when throwing 
the lasso and various other uses known to western men. The whole 
beautifully stamped or engraved by hand, was trimmed with beaten 
silver dollars (Mexican), cut, and chased in various designs to suit 
the " arriero;" the bridle in similar manner with bit and spurs (Span- 
ish) chased and inlaid with silver and gold, the spurs having a bunch 
of tiny spangles which Avere made to tinkle in the strut of the packer, 
who would thus affect the garb of his Spanish brother, wearing high- 
heeled top boots, with silken banda (sash) wrapped two or three times 
around the waist, embroidered shirt front, and conical sombrero 
(Mexican hat) with silver snake around the crown, the under side of 
brim being trimmed with silver braid. ^ 

Note. — Prior to the expulsion of the Moors the Moriscos of Spain practically 
controlled all the inland (pack) transportation. Many of their merchants 
became very wealthy and contributed very largely to the revenues of the Span- 
ish Crown. Overtaxation, the improvidence of the Spanish princes, and the 
expulsion of these frugal and industrious people may be said to have lead to 
the decline of Spain as a world power. 



« Irving, Conquest of Granada, chap, lxx, p. 383. 
& Conquest of Granada, p. 225. 



PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 13 

Such was the holiday costume of the packer of thirty-five or forty 
years ago, when, mounted on his favorite mule, he would sing some 
Spanish ditty when visiting friends in some nearby hamlet; a man 
who never turned his back on a foe or forsook a friend in moments 
of peril, honest and honorable in all his dealings with his fellow 
men, kind to animals in his care, with a love for his calling, and 
thoroughh^ imbued with an " esprit de corps " for the pack service. 

On the discovery of gold in California the adaptability of the 
pack mule for carrying supplies into the mining camps, not accessible 
by wagons, was readily recognized by the Americans. The mule and 
aparejo were in constant demand, and the employment of pack trains 
became a source of profit to many individuals. 

In Mexico, on the road from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico a 
stone-paved road (Calzada), laid out by Cortez, and nearly 300 miles 
long, I have seen before the advent of the railroad, in 1873, pack 
trains loaded with coffee, sugar, and spices. These packs were made 
up to weigh from 100 to 125 pounds each, and were wrapped in 
coarse matting made from the fiber of the agave and other indigenous 
plants. 

Kates for freighting, ranging from 30 to 75 cents per ton per mile,, 
or for the service of the animal for the trip from $18 to $25, com- 
pared favorably with the rates charged after the discovery of gold 
in California when pack trains, controlled by Americans, dotted 
the hills, carrying provisions, furniture, mining supplies, etc., to 
the mining towns in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, 
and California. 

In the early fifties and sixties on the trail from The Dalles to 
Umatilla Landing, Walla Walla, Lewiston, Kootenay, Salmon River, 
Frazer River, etc., could be heard from hill to hill the tinkle of the 
pack-train " bell horse." The " bell " was ordinarily a sheep bell 
attached by a strap to the neck of the horse. The latter is termed 
the " bell horse," and is alluded to as the " bell," in such expressions 
as " lead the bell," " stop the bell," etc. 

The service rendered by civilian aparejo pack trains employed by, 
Gen. George Crook, after the close of the civil war, in operations 
against the hostile Paiutes, Shoshones, and Bannocks in Nevada, 
Oregon, and Idaho was so satisfactory that he caused the purchase 
of three of these trains by our Government, so that General Crook 
may Avell be called the " father " of modern pack service in the 
United States Army. 

On the assignment of General Crook to the Department of Arizona, 
these trains were transferred with him and others organized for the 
campaign against the hostile Apaches, known as the " Tonto Basin 
war," 1871-1876. These trains were under the supervision of Thomas 
Moore as chief packer and Dave Mears, assistant chief packer, and 
the names of Hank and Yank, Jim O'Neil, Harry Haws, Chileno 
John, Frank Monack, Sam Bowman, the two Crooks ("Long" and 
"Short" Jim), Bill Knight, Nat Noble, Charley Hopkins, Bill 
Duklin, Manuel Lopez, and Lem Pyatt are inseparably connected with 
those campaigns. 

In 1875 a number of these trains were transferred to the Depart- 
ment of the Platte, taking station at Camp Carlin. Cheyenne, Wyo., 
under Maj. J. V. Furey, depot quartermaster, and still others organ- 
ized for the expedition of 1876, known as the " Sioux camj^aign." 



14 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

The success of General Crook in being able to cut loose from his 
wagon transportation, rendering his command thoroughly mobile 
by the aid of pack trains, led to their further employment by other 
oMcers of the Army, viz, Generals Mackenzie, Howard, Terry, Custer, 
and Miles, in the subjugation of the hostile tribes, notably the war- 
like Sioux, Cheyennes, Nez Perces, and Arapahoes in the Northwest, 
the fleet and vindictive Kiowas and Comanches through the Middle 
West, and last, but not least, the wily, slippery, and bloodthirsty 
Apache tribes who overran Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. 

Through all the arduous field service necessitated by campaigns 
against these various tribes, the pack mule has borne its part, and 
now may be regarded as thoroughly identified with our Army as an 
essential means of transportation. 

As instancing a case in which pack animals have been employed for 
continuous work, the Geronimo campaign, lasting from May, 1885, 
to September, 1886, maj'^ be mentioned. Several pack trains followed 
the troops, taking j^art in the various operations. These trains were 
continuously on the move, traveling through the Territories of New 
Mexico and Arizona, and through the States of Sonora and Chi- 
huahua in Old Mexico, crossing the Sierra Madre Mountains at their 
highest and most precipitous part, from Opata in Sonora to Casas 
Grandes in Chihuahua. Through such a country any other form of 
transportation would have been utterly impracticable. 

The mules carried loads averaging 250 pounds; the average day's 
march was 30 miles, except when climbing mountains, when about 

15 miles per day was the rule. The mules subsisted entirely on the 
grasses found in the country, and when the campaign was over were 
returned to their posts in good condition. 

As embodying some of the results of this experience with these 
trains for years, the present book aims to provide a system of instruc- 
tion in the duties of a packer and in the service of a pack train. 

H. W. Daly, 
Chief Packer^ Quartermaster'' s Department^ 

United States Army. 

EVOLUTION OF THE APAREJO. 

The aparejos used by the Mexicans * may be divided into two classes, 
having special uses. The first made of matting, from the fiber of the 
agave or similar fibrous plants growing in abundance in Mexico ; the 
second of leather, of Mexican tan and finish. The first is used exten- 
sively by what we term in the United States " truck " farmers, who 
may be seen in the small hours of the morning approaching the ham- 
let, town or city, driving before them a few donkeys laden with grass, 
wood, live or dressed pigs, goats, chickens, and various commodities 
under charge of a single native ; the second in packing merchandise, 
mining material, and product of the mines ; for this latter purpose the 
mule takes the place of the donkey. The aparejo in both cases, to pro- 
tect the animal's body, is filled with dried grass. The aparejo cincha 
was provided with wooden stiffeners at each end; at one end the 

** See Mexican prototype of the American aparejo, witliout sticks. The writer 
is indebted to Col. H. L. Scott, U. S. Army, Superintendent United States Mili- 
tary Academy, West Point, N. Y., for this view. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 15 

liitigo is secured by means of leather thongs over the stiffener ; at op- 
posite end the wood is shaped to have a depression at center to receive 
the folds of the latigo in cinching the aparejo. All ropes were made 
of rawhide carefully prepared and plaited, and a wooden hook was 
provided on end of lash-rope cincha. In the spring of 1878 I have 
seen both of these forms of aparejos in use in the State of Coahuila, 
Mexico, and wooden hooks were used in our service to some extent 
until the fall of 1886. 

In 1868 Pack Master Richard Closter, better known as " Uncle 
Dick," stated his first attempt in ribbing the aparejo was for the pur- 
pose only of causing the aparejo to stand on its boots, the better to 
protect the rigging while in camp from the inclemencies of the 
weather, the usual method being to make as many rows of the rigging 
as a wagon sheet would cover, the series of rows helping as a brace to 
hold them on their boots; and to distinguish each aparejo, a design 
usually of the cactus was provided on the corona. 

In the early morning the animals were brought in from the herd 
ground, rounded up, and either caught singly or tied to a picket line, 
in preparation for the day's travel. 

The arrangement of the aparejos in an orderly manner by this pro- 
vision gave opportunity to feed the animals on the rigging by spread- 
ing sections of canvas thereon, the night herders keeping watch on the 
animals while feeding to prevent their wasting the grain, which was 
an item of considerable expense in those days (1850-1870) and not 
always available. The method of feeding on the rigging taught the 
animals to come up to the rigging in patient expectation of the evening 
meal. This led to teaching the animals to come up to the rigging 
for grooming and in preparation for the day's travel. 

At first but two sticks on each side were employed to stiffen the 
aparejo, one at front and one at rear; these reached but midway be- 
tween the boots and center stitch line of the aparejo. Later sticks of 
full length were used for the same purpose, but not with any expecta- 
tion of assisting the aparejo to hold a weighty load away from the 
withers and backbone of the animal. 

After each day's travel it was noted on taking off the aparejo that 
the animal's backbone and withers were free of moisture, especially 
at front and rear, showing that the aparejo did not bear on that part 
of the body. This led to inserting an additional stick in rear of the 
" collar " known in those days by the term " crux," or cross, from the 
fact that that portion of the aparejo fitted over the cross on the withers 
of the mule and burro ; later on from two to four additional sticks were 
inserted on each side between the collar and carrier pieces or rear of 
the aparejo, with the view only of saving the backbone and withers, 
which for twenty years following the discovery of gold in California 
were usually a mass of sores; the fact that the sticks supported the 
weight of the load was considered an absurd proposition, and at the 
present writing is not clearly understood by all pack masters. The 
fact is that the boots of the aparejo standing clear from contact with 
the animal's body the cincha, in compressing the aparejo on the body 
of the mule, gives to the aparejo the form of an arch, the cincha form- 
ing the base on which the boots of. the aparejo rest. If the aparejo 
is of sufficient length, it will be noticed that in cinching, the aparejo 
is lifted by the cincha until the proper base line is formed from the 



16 



PACK TRANSPORTATION, 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 17 

center of the animal's belly each way. If the aparejo is too short or 
too long, its lifting power is lost, as is also the case when there is not 
sufficient padding in the boots, which should not be permitted to hug 
the body of the mule (a serious defect in the English pack saddle). 
The weight of the load being practically what is termed a dead weight, 
the lift or spring of the sticks is lost in the travel of the animal. 

As pack trains were numerous in the early days (1850-1870) on the 
Pacific coast and in the Territories of the Northwest, the information 
spread rapidly from train to train and a system of ribbing the 
aparejo from front to rear became general. Each owner of a pack 
outfit adopted a method of his own as his understanding of conditions 
prompted. 

The eagerness to save the animal's backbone caused many pack 
masters to rib the aparejo too stiff — that is, by using sticks of too 
large diameter, giving rise to many body bunches and belly sores; 
and to save the loins from what are termed " kidney sores " sticks 
of too small diameter were employed, without regard to proportion 
from front to rear, causing the aparejo to flare out at front, giving 
opportunity for the aparejo to work forward and causing sore tails. 
To relieve this condition the reverse method of ribbing was used, 
with no better results. 

The conformation of the mule was not considered in those days in 
ribbing the aparejo. The California mule being a cross between the 
burro and cayuse (pony), with large and deep belly, short in stature, 
was a great climber and hardy packer. 

This conformation of mule afforded ample cause for sore tails, the 
difference in girth back of the elbow and at point of greatest swell 
of the barrel or belly varying from 8 to 16 inches. As ribbing by 
the mule's conformation as a guide was neither understood or at- 
tempted, mules of the above description always had sore tails, devel- 
oping a double lip or growth above and below the sore. The mule 
having the reverse of this conformation — that is, of greater or equal 
girth back of the elbow as at center of barrel, will never have a sore 
tail, but mules of this description are not suited for pack service. 

The success attending the introduction of sticks of full length in 
protecting the backbone led to a general application of their uses; 
the " round " collar gave way to the " square " collar to give oppor- 
tunity to supply more ribs to protect the withers. 

In trial of the square collar (6 by 6 inches) it was found that the 
aparejo often pinched the withers, and an offset of 2 by 2 inches was 
provided; this provision opened the collar with satisfactorv results. 
(See i, fig. 2.) 

In 1886 Mr. Moore supervised the construction of 100 or more 
aparejos at the military prison. Fort Leavenworth, Kans., in which 
a second offset was provided, and resulted in contracting the collar 
in a manner similar to the action of the square collar. This led to 
the return of the first offset, which has been used ever since. 

The saddlery company of Messrs. Main & Winchester, 216 Battery 
street, San Francisco, Cal., furnished the Government the first regu- 
lar stitched (wax end) aparejo some time during the early seventies. 

The old aparejo of Mexican manufacture was of whitish tan or 
rawhide color of long life, a few of these being still in use during 
the Spanish-American war (1898). The leather was very heavy, a 

52436—08 2 



18 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

requisite to hold the hay or padding in position, and there were no 
facings on back or belly piece ; a strip 12 inches long and from 3 to 
6 inches wide was attached to the outside along the front edge, the 
inner edge provided with holes to lace the crupper ; at rear a strip of 
leather about 3 by 6 inches was attached as a carrier piece and pro- 
vided with holes to support the crupper by means of a short lace 
string, all sewing being done by whang and needle. 

The crupper was made in sections termed " panels " — hence the 
name " panel crupper " — the center panel being usually provided with 
a surface covering of Morocco or other fancy colored leather on 
which various designs or legends were stitched with silken threads 
of various colors, corresponding figures being provided on the corona 
or saddle pad. 

The aparejos made by Main & Winchester were of light stock and 
in time became baggy. To overcome this defect facings (reenfor- 
cings) of leather were employed on the " boots," back, and belly 
pieces of the aparejo, the backpiece having an additional reenforcing 
at its center, termed the " center facing." With all this reenforcing 
the belly or body piece was too light and in short time became baggy, 
i. e., the belly piece stood away from the hay or padding, permitting 
the hay to fall from its proper position, a very serious defect. 

The establishment of J. C. Johnson & Co., of San Francisco, turned 
out the best aparejos ever made for the United States Government. 
In the eighties some very good aparejos were supplied by a firm in 
Chicago. The initials stamped on the aparejos were, if I am not 
mistaken, " O. H. & Co." The Collins Saddlery Company, of 
Omaha, Nebr., also furnished some good aparejos in the eighties. 
Since that time St. Louis, Mo., controls the trade in pack equip- 
ment. 

During the Geronimo campaign (1885) the Cheyenne pack trains, 
under charge of Mr. Thomas Moore, chief packer, were ordered to 
Fort Bowie, Ariz., and additional pack trains organized. Mr. Moore, 
in order to hasten the ribbing or " setting up " of the aparejos had a 
quantity of hickory slats or ribs made, about 1 inch wide and three- 
eighths of an inch thick throughout their entire length. No taper 
being provided on any of the sticks, necessarily the sticks bearing 
over the swell of the body received practically all of the pressure, 
causing terrible misery to the animal, and when loaded and turned 
loose the animal would immediately throw itself on the ground, when 
the snapping of the ribs (breaking) could be plainly heard, with a 
wail from the pack master of " There goes another one." 

After the Geronimo campaign I was ordered to Cheyenne Depot 
(Camp Carlin), Cheyenne, Wyo., for station, under Capt. C. F. 
Humphrey, quartermaster, afterwards Quartermaster-General of the 
Army. Two pack trains were therfe organized, one under Pack 
Master Edward Delaney and one under myself, with Mr. Moore, 
chief packer. 

In January, 1887, while setting up the aparejos, Mr. Moore had 
provided a quantity of those hickory slats for ribbing purposes; on 
my urging the necessity of their being tapered and tested before 
insertion, Mr. Moore stated why not use two or three slats and then 
two or three willow sticks, and alternate that way, with a view to 
weakening the ribbing, forgetting the fact that the slats would be 



PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 19 

hard to compress, while the fresh willows would readily yield to 
compression. 

I had set up one aparejo with hickory slats, providing a suitable 
taper on each slat from front to rear, and testing each slat before 
inserting it in the aparejo. The results obtained were satisfactory. 
Mr. Moore, however, abandoned the hickory slats without sufficient 
reason. 

It was the custom until 1880 to insert the " boot " sticks after 
ribbing the aparejo. This method on cinching the aparejo caused the 
sticks at center of boot to spread apart and override the sticks adjoin- 
ing, and also forced the boot sticks upwardly out of position by the 
action of the lash-rope cincha. 

The insertion of the boot stick before ribbing held the boot from 
gathering or crumpling and gave a guide to measure the length of 
sticks between the center line and lower edge of boot stick, and pre- 
vented the displacing of the sticks at center of boot, as the boot stick 
offered resistance to action of the aparejo and lash-rope cincha. 

The method of ribbing the aparejo by providing a gradual lessening 
of diameter to each stick from front to rear and from bottom toward 
top with as many sticks as the boot would contain, laid side by side, 
the butt ends resting against and under the flat surface of the boot 
stick (see sec. 6, note 2), was not practiced until the spring of 1880. 
At first the custom was to alternate the butt end of stick between boot 
and center line (bottom and top). 

I have also seen packers place a stick across the ribs close to the 
center stitch line, sometimes called the " eve," or comb, of the aparejo, 
and one or two midway, for the purpose, it was said, of keeping the 
sticks in position ; in fixing for a bunch the cargador would locate 
the position of the bunch by observation, take out the hay, teaze it 
up, and replace it. This flattened or spread the bunch, which, if of 
medium size, always resulted in a steadfast; instead of cutting 
out the callous flesh and saving the mule further misery, it was 
permitted to spread, from a desire to hide the condition of the animal 
and so cover up their want of ability as a cargador. 

It was about this time also (1880) that the practice of wetting the 
surface of the bunch (only) so as to locate its position on the aparejo 
was first introduced, by placing the aparejo on the mule, without 
corona or blanket or turning the crupper; and exactly over the posi- 
tion on the animal's body, where it rests, when cinched to the animal, 
and by rocking the aparejo with each hand the wet imprint was 
shown on the belly or body piece of the aparejo; then all the hay 
down to the sticks beneath the wet surface marked by the bunch was 
taken out without, in any manner, disturbing the rest of the bed of 
hay; on the next day's travel the bunch disappeared. 

It was in the fall of 1883, while packmaster of Lieutenant Gate- 
wood's train at Fort Apache, that I discovered the cause of belly 
bunches and sore tails. 

In 1884, General Crook stated that Mr. Moore, then chief packer, 
had said, " Pack animals were bound to become sore and there was 
no known way to avoid it." 

The Geronimo campaign, lasting^ from May, 1885, to September, 
1886, proved this statement to be a fallacy. 

In the days of the " panel " crupper, the division of the crupper 
below the dock was a straight cut, provided with holes on either side 



20 PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 

for lacing. When the animal's tail became sore the lacing was 
tightened, with the object of drawing the dock of crupper downward 
from the animal's tail or dock, in each case affording no relief, but 
instead, causing soreness across the buttocks. 

The latter trouble caused many packmasters to be constantly at 
work on the dock, adding more filling, some going so far as to pro- 
vide a wooden stick to give it stiffness, without relief. 

When the withers and loins became sore, the aparejo was said to 
be " broken down ; " hence the packer's objection to the use of the 
aparejo as a seat, an objection well taken, but not the direct cause. 
(See note, page 17.) 

It was considered that tight cinching caused " belly bunches," and 
that unevenness in the filling or padding was alone responsible for 
body bunches. 

For " body bunches " (a puffing up of the skin) , the hay or padding 
was loosened up in the aparejo, with the expectation of giving relief, 
when perhaps a fault in one or more of the " ribs " may have been the 
direct cause of the " bunch." In the first instance, a loosening of the 
hay will not reduce a bunch; in the second instance, an improper 
rib or stick in the aparejo will always cause trouble. Both of these 
conditions must be removed to relieve the animal of its misery. 

For " belly bunches " a gunny sack or other similar material was 
provided and folded in several thicknesses, so as to have a surface 
about 10 inches square, and held together by a few stitches; a hole 
was then cut at center, corresponding to the size of the bunch; the 
pad was then held over the affected part, the cincha of the aparejo 
holding pad to place and expecting to afford relief or reduce the 
bunch. The cause of the trouble not being removed, the use of the 
pad did not relieve it. 

When the aparejo was improperly ribbed, by being too weak in 
front, the cinch of the aparejo worked forward, causing what are 
termed " cinch sores," retarding the travel of the animal, as well as 
throwing the load forward and eventually on the animal's neck if 
not attended to, and, if ribbed too weak, at rear, throwing the load 
over the animal's kidneys, preventing the animal from retaining its 
aparejo in proper position and carrying its load with comfort. 

TV^ien the pack mule would leave the trail and lie down, endeavor- 
ing to relieve itself of its burden, it was said the animal could not 
stand tight cinching, and was not a suitable animal for pack service. 

The misery shown by the dumb animal never appealed to the sense 
of the animal man. 

For all these evils the proper " setting up " of the aparejo must be 
intelligently understood, and sore mules will be a thing of the past; 
or, in other words, there must be smooth bearing on the body of the 
animal covered by the aparejo and its cincha. (See sees. 4-6.) 

Note. — The objection taken by packers to using the aparejo as a 
seat when in bivouac is because the weight of the body when seated 
on the aparejo compresses the ribs more than happens when the 
aparejo is on the animal. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 21 

EVOLUTION OF THE DIAMOND HITCH. 

This form of hitch has its origin in the crosstree hitch. The early 
trappers of the Hudson Bay Company introduced the crosstree hitch 
among- the Indians of the Northwest, and later the Americans gave 
to this hitch the name of the " squaw " hitch ; along the Pacific coast, 
in sections where sheep raising has become an industry, it is known 
as the " sheepherder's " hitch, and by miners and prospectors as the 
" prospector's " hitch. 

In the use of the aparejo, in forming the crosstreee hitch (sec. 39) 
in bringing the loop of the running rope under the boot of the 
aparejo instead of around the " side " pack on each side, evolved 
the " double " hitch, and in not bringing a loop of the running rope 
under and forward of the standing rope — that is, forming the loop 
in rear of the standing rope — led to the formation of the " Oregon " 
diamond hitch (sec. 87), so named in being first practiced in that 
Territory before it became a State. 

The practice of first throwing the lash rope cincha under the ani- 
mal's belly to the otf packer, in forming the regular diamond, in 
contrast to the crosstree and Oregon hitches, in which the lash rope 
is first thrown over the load and under the animal's belly by the 
near packer, may be said to date with the advent of the Americans 
after the discovery of gold in California, ISiS^O. This I have heard 
disputed by some of the old-time packers of the early fifties, who 
stated the regular diamond was practiced by the Mexicans of Cali- 
fornia. However this may be, it may be stated the regular diamond 
hitch is used in the States bordering on the Eio Grande. In the 
Santa Rosa mines, State of Coahuila (Mexico), I have seen the dia- 
mond in use in 1878. In Mexico it has been the custom to use the 
crosstree and stirrup hitches, with the employment of the donkey, and 
aparejo made of matting; in the case of the stirrup hitch (sec. 40) a 
cincha 2 feet long, having a ring at each end, is emploj^ed ; in forming 
the hitch the cincha is held under the animal's belly, using the ring 
on each end instead of forming the stirrup. 

The double diamond hitch (sec. 32) was used in the days of freight- 
ing by civilian pack trains from The Dalles to the mining camps in 
the interior when barrels of flour, vinegar, pork, etc., had to be trans- 
ported. This hitch had become a lost art in government service, due 
to a lack of necessity for its use, and is known to very few packers 
of the present dav, the double hitch being erroneously called the 
"double diamond." (Sec. 33.) 

The pole hitch has been erroneously called the " squaw " hitch ; the 
fact that the Indians have never used the aparejo confirms this state- 
ment. It can not be used with the crosstree or riding saddle, as no 
portion of the rope in the formation of the hitch encircles the body 
of the animal. (Sec. 36.) 



CHAPTEE L 

PACK SADDLES— DESCRIPTION AND USES. 
THE APAREJO. 

Section 1. The aparejo and its various accessories are called, col- 
lectively, "The aparejo complete" (fig. 2.) 

The aparejo complete includes the following: 
Aparejo complete: 
Aparejo proper — 

1. Body of the aparejo, 

2. Aparejo cover, or sobre-jalma. 

3. Aparejo cincha.* 

4. Crupper, or grupera. 

5. Corona, or saddle pad. 
Accessories — 

6. Lash rope with cincha. 

7. Sling rope. 

8. Lair ropes (two). 

9. Pack covers, or mantas (two). 
10. Pack blanket. 

Note. — For convenience the packer divides the aparejo complete 
into two sections — the aparejo proper and the aparejo complete." 

The first five items of the above form what is termed the " aparejo 
proper," and in the vernacular of the packer are referred to as the 
" rigging." 

To explain: When in bivouac the aparejo (proper) is held apart 
from its accessories, i. e., the aparejos are arranged in an orderly 
manner, and the animals are taught to approach them and stand 
quietly, as if at attention. The accessories are employed in the make- 
up of commercial packages into what is termed " side " packs, and 
are likewise arranged in an orderly manner adjacent to the rigging, 
and termed the " cargo." 

The last item, the pack blanket, must be considered a part of its 
complete equipment, as its use supplies additional padding for the 
aparejo, the blanket being carried between the corona and aparejo, 
folded in such manner as to cover the corona, and is used as bed- 
ding by the packer, who, it should be remembered, is not permitted 
to supply personal bedding which impairs the carrying capacity . of 
the train. 

Three sizes of aparejos are provided, respectively 58, 60," and 62 
inches in length, and uniformly 24 inches throughout *their entire 
width. 

22 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



23 




24 PACK TEANSPORTATION. 

A brief description follows of the parts included in the aparejo 
complete : 

1. The body of the aparejo (I, fig. 2). — The principal leather 
parts are : 

(a) Backpiece. 
{h) Belly, or body piece. 
[c) Boots, or end pieces. 
{d) Boot facings, 
(e) Front facing. 
(/) Center facing. 
{g) Carrier pieces. 
(A) The welts. 
Note. — See " Specifications for aparejos," section 127. 

2. The aparejo cover (or sobre-jalma) (II, fig, 2) is made of 
No. 4 cotton duck. It is faced at sides and ends with leather, so 
as to give sufficient width to enable it to cover the aparejo. The 
ends are protected by wooden sticks or shoes, held in place by caps 
of leather, sewn over either end (L, II, fig. 2). These shoes serve 
to stiffen the ends of the aparejo cover and keep it from wrinkling 
and gathering. The cover is secured by thongs to the aparejo at the 
extremities of its middle or center line (o, L, fig. 2). 

Note. — Sobre-Jalma, erroneously called sovereign hammer, Sulli- 
van hammer, soldier hammer, is a compound word of Arabic and 
Spanish used by the Morriscos of Spain, meaning " over cover ; " 
sobre-jalma is a contraction of sobre-en-jalmas, meaning a covering 
for the harnessing, and applied to the aparejo or pack saddle, now 
called aparejo cover, or sobre-jalma, sobre-halma (or so-bre-hal-ma). 

3. The aparejo cincha (III, fig. 2), is made of No. 4 cotton duck, 
doubled so as to have a width of 10 inches, and sewn along its center 
with two seams spaced 1 inch apart. At one end it is faced with 
leather (m. III, fig. 2) ; a y^-inch iron rod being held in the fold of 
the facing, so as to be on the edge of the cincha. (Sec. 127.) 

After this facing is in place three holes are punched through it to 
receive the lacing of the latigo, or cincha strap. The latigo (ti. III, 
fig. 2), is from 6 to 7 feet long. In its attachment to the cincha it 
carries a ring, called the " rendering" ring, through which the latigo 
passes in tightening {p, III, fig. 2). Fifteen inches from this end of 
cincha a round piece of leather 3 inches in diameter is sewed on, and 
two holes punched through it ; a leather thong is attached thereto, so 
as to leave a loop of 3 inches. This is called the " finger " loop, and 
is used to secure the end of the latigo strap after cinching {q^ III, 
%2). _ 

The other end of the cincha carries a curved piece of gas pipe 
(r. III, Fig. 2), flattened at each end, and provided with holes to 
receive rivets. It is secured to the canvas by a leather facing. This 
curved piece of pipe takes the place of an ordinary ring in the end 
of cincha. 

When finished the cincha should be 8 inches longer than the aparejo 
with which it is to be used. 

4. The crupper (IV, Fig. 2) is made of heavy, fair leather, about 
78 inches long and 12 inches wide. At its middle part it is shaped 
down to fit under the animal's dock. The portion which fits under 
the dock is provided with a cover, called the " dock " piece. The 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 25 

dock piece is filled with paddina:, antelope hair being considered best 
for the purpose, and is rounded (IV, Fig. 2). The ends and upper 
edges are provided with holes for lacing the crupper to the front 
facings of back piece and to the carrier pieces, respectively . Leather 
thongs are employed for these lacings, and by means of these the 
crupper may be adjusted to the length of the animal. 

5. The corona, or saddle pad (V, Fig. 2), is made of three thick- 
nesses of good blanket, with a center facing of similar material; 
at one edge at center of its length a semicircular stitch line is pro- 
vided to indicate the front, or that portion fitting over the animal's 
withers, and a center stitch line to indicate the middle of the corona. 
In the center of one-half of its length a numeral to designate the 
number of the aparejo is placed on the upper or outward side of the 
corona, the under side being lined Avith light canvas, and the whole 
bound all around with suitable material. 

In use the " canvas " side rests on the animal's back, and the corona 
is cleaned from day to day, a table knife being carried by cutting a 
horizontal slit between the two lines of stitching on the front facing 
of the aparejo for this purpose. 

ACCESSORIES OF THE APAREJO. 

6. The lash rope with cincha (VI, Fig. 2). — The lash rope is about 
50 feet long, size nine-sixteenths or one-half inch, best hand-laid 
manila. At one end it has a loop or eye to receive the lacing of its 
cincha ; the other end is well seized or wrapped to prevent unraveling. 
The cincha (VI, s, Fig. 2) is made of light canvas, folded so as to 
have a width of 6 inches; at one end it has a facing of leather on 
both sides and is provided with five holes to carry lacing, by means of 
which it is attached to the loop or eye of the lash rope; the other 
end is faced with leather in similar manner, and a strong hook 
(VI, ^, Fig. 2) of metal or wood is supplied. When made, the cincha 
must not be more than 30 inches long. 

7. The sling rope (VII, Fig. 2) is about 30 feet long, size three- 
eighths inch, best hand-laid manila, well seized at each end. It is 
used for slinging the load preparatory to lashing. 

8. The lair rope (VIII, Fig. 2) is about 30 feet long, size three- 
eighths inch, best hand-laid manila ; at one end a loop or eye is pre- 
pared; the other is securely seized. The free end is passed through 
the loop or eye, preparatory to " lairing up " the side packs — i. e., 
for securing the pack covers or mantas around the packs. 

9. The pack cover or manta (IX, fig. 2) is made of 72-inch No. 4 
cotton duck. When made, it is 6 feet square. 

Each pack is ordinarily wrapped in a manta. Such as are liable 
to suffer damage or deterioration during transportation are always so 
protected. 

10. The pack blanket (X, fig. 2) is similar to the issue (bed) 
blanket in use in the service; in the center of the blanket the initial 
letters, " U. S., Q. M. D., P. T.," are provided. The two last letters 
are to distinguish pack transportation blankets from others, so that 
they may be traced if lost or stolen. Each particular train has the 
serial number stamped on each blanket, as an additional guide to 
keep them together. 



26 • PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

CROSS-TREE OR SAWBUCK. 

Sec. 2. The cross-tree, as the term implies, consists of two saddle 
boards, shaped somewhat similar to the McClellan saddletree, con- 
nected at front and rear (pommel and cantle), by crosspieces shaped 
like the letter " X," termed the " cruz " (cross) , or forks of the sad- 
dle, supplied with a breast strap, breeching, and quarter straps, hold- 
ing cincha and latigo, or tightening strap, accompanied by a saddle 
pad or blanket. 

For the carrying of supplies two methods are in use : 

First (or original method). By the employment of wicker baskets, 
and panniers made of canvas or leather, constructed so as to fit over 
the forks of the saddle, and strapped to the animal by the aid of 
cincha and latigo. 

Second. By the employment of " sling and lash " rope. (See sees. 
38-39.) This latter method has a more general application, due to 
its relative lightness and cheapness, and is used by trappers, miners, 
prospectors, small hunting parties, and members of the Bureau of 
Forestry, etc. (See sees. 38 and 39 and figs. 54 to 57.) 

the " MOORE " PACK SADDLE. 

Sec. 3. Description of this saddle is copied from pamphlet pub- 
lished by authority of the War Department, Washington, Govern- 
ment Printing Office, 1881. (Figs. 3, 4, 5.) 

The pack saddle consists of the " saddle proper," two pads, corre- 
sponding with the pads of the aparejo, laced on either side of the 
saddle to the skirts and at the upper edges over the top ; a crupper 
similar to the aparejo crupper, but lighter, laced to the rear edges of 
the saddle skirts; a corona, or pad, used under the saddle and next 
to the animal's back ; a manta, or pack cover, two pieces of canvas 7 
feet long and 22 inches wide, stitched together along their long 
edges; halter and strap; cincha of canvas 10 inches wide, and in 
length according to the size of the animal ; " sling rope ;" best hand- 
laid manila whale line, one-half inch, 20 to 30 feet long; "lash rope," 
with leather cincha, same as above, five-eighths inch, 42 feet long, and 
one blind to each five packs. (6, fig. 3.) 

When the saddle is " full-rigged," as it is called, that is, supplied 
with sling straps and cargo cinch, the sling and lash ropes are dis- 
pensed with. (Fig. 4.) 

After years of its use, under personal observation, the following 
defects have developed: 

The crupper, being too short in length, when laced to the rear edges 
of the saddle skirts, leaves a space of from 4 to 12 inches, as deter- 
mined by the conformation of the animal. Necessarily the action of 
the saddle and crupper are independent of each other, causing sore- 
ness by friction of the lacing, due to travel action of the animal. 

When a " bunch " arises (a puffing up of the skin), caused by un- 
evenness in the filling of the pads, or shape of the saddle boards 
lacking conformation to fit the varying flesh conditions of the ani- 
mal's back, there is no provision in the make-up of the saddle to 
relieve the animal of its misery, and, necessarily, its constant use 
destroys the usefulness of the animal. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



27 




28 



PACK TRANSPOETATION. 



/^ ^ 1 







PACK TEANSPOETATION. 



29 




30 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

The " arch " irons at front and rear, connecting the saddle boards, 
occasionally spread apart, allowing the irons to rest on the animal's 
withers and backbone by compression of weight of load. The arch 
iron at front, being higher, prevents the employment of " top " loads 
and, I may add, all " box " loads, as the weight of load is thrown 
to the rear over the animal's kidneys, causing soreness and kidney 
trouble. All packages of greater length than the width of the saddle 
rest on the animal's hips, causing soreness, due to the low and close 
fit of the saddle on the animal's body. 

In the application of the " diamond " hitch the rope slips off the 
corners at ends of pads, due to lack of sufficient stiffness, as well as 
allowing the cincha to work forward, interfering with the travel of 
the animal, and causing a soreness at elbow or forearm, termed cinch 
sore. 

The employment of " sling straps " and cargo cinch with the saddle, 
termed " full-rigged," was early dispensed with as unsuited to secur- 
ing commercial packages. (Fig. 4.) 

In the annual report of Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, commanding the 
Department of Cuba, Ilabana, Cuba, June 30, 1901, " report of the 
chief quartermaster of the department," page 13, says: 

Under date of June 4, 3901, the department commander ordered a competitive 
trial at Camp R. S. MacKenzie, Cuba, to determine tlie relative merits of the 
aparejo and Moore pack saddles. The conditions of this trial required a daily- 
march of 25 miles to be made, each pack mule carrying a load of 250 pounds. 
In this contest, conducted under the supervision of Capt. R. J. Duff, Eighth 
Cavalry, as referee, it vv^as developed that the Moore pack saddle is entirely 
unsuited for severe field service. 

It is recommended that all pack equipment hereafter furnished for use in 
this department consist of the aparejo. 



CHAPTER II. 

ASSEMBLING AND CARE OF THE APAREJO — SELECTION OF STICKS SUITABLE 

FOR RIBBING APAREJOS. 

Sec 4. The selection of suitable sticks or withes to rib the aparejo 
is usually governed by locality, and as the willow is found in all the 
States and Territories, it has been generally employed. While there 
are five species of the willow family that may be considered suitable — 
the gray, the black, the red, the button, and desert willows — the first 
named is preferred, having less pith, being tougher and more springy, 
straight as an arrow,, and with few blemishes. Arrow and dogwood 
are found in Texas and Arizona, but are of scrubby growth. When 
found suitable, however, they make a most excellent stick for ribbing 
aparejos; it has less pith than the willow and holds life or spring 
longer, resembling the guayaba found in Cuba and the Philippines — 
the best stick for ribbing aparejos that has been tested. Ash, hickory, 
and pecan " sprouts " are a superior stick to any of the former, due 
to longer life in spring; these three last woods in sprout form are 
not numerous, so that they maj^ not be classed in the list of available 
sticks for ribbing aparejos. 

The essential requisites in determining suitable sticks for ribbing 
aparejos are toughness, spring, and taper, together with straightness 
and freedom from knots and other blemishes. 

selection of hay suitable as PADDING FOR APAREJOS. 

Sec. 5. For padding or filling aparejos, nothing can compare with 
suitable hay. For this purpose fine, soft, elastic hay that will admit 
of mixing similar to curled hair is best suited as padding for aparejos. 

Such hay as furnished by breweries for packing bottles in barrels 
answers this description, and no doubt can be procured in bale form. 

This class of hay has the elasticity of curled hair, and admits of 
separation, straw by straw, a condition impossible in curled hair, 
black moss or lichen, sea grass, and excelsior, an essential quality 
when fixing for a " bunch." 

To sum up, any padding that has the life and spring of curled 
hair, that will admit of separation when fixing for a bunch, without 
disturbing the rest of the bed of hay in the aparejo can be classed 
as suitable padding for aparejos. This class of hay is termed by 
packers " aparejo hay." 

setting up THE APAREJO. 

Sec. 6. First, soak the aparejo in tepid water, say from ten to 
fifteen minutes (double the time i-f cold) ; take out and drain, and 
place on bench or ground, and prepare two sticks, termed the " boot- 
sticks," of suitable hard wood 21^ inches long, 2^ inches wide, and 

31 



32 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

three-quarters of an inch thick; the ends must be rounded on one 
side. A good substitute is the straight portion of a disused wagon 
bow. 

Introduce a " boot stick " through hand-hole on either side, and 
adjust it across the bottom of the boot, the side of the boot stick to 
be parallel with the sides of the aparejo, the flat surface of stick to 
face the inside of belly piece of the aparejo. 

As the aparejo will take from twenty-five to thirty sticks (willow) 
on each side — that is, when laid side by side — it is well, before com- 
mencing to " rib up " the aparejo, to make three divisions of the 
sticks to be employed, say twenty in each division, rejecting any that 
are not straight or have any malformation, the largest for No. 1, the 
medium for No. 2, and the smallest for No. 3 ; commencing with the 
first that fits under the collar of the aparejo, which may have a diam- 
eter of three-quarters of an inch, lessening the diameter progressively 
to the last at rear, the diameter of which must be three-eighths of an 
inch. 

Now take two sticks of division No. 1, largest size, and mate them 
as to size and toughness, one for each side, to fit under collar at front 
of aparejo. 

Before introducing the first four or five sticks it is well to provide 
a taper of about 2 inches long on butt end of sticks, as they can thus 
keep position all the better on the flat surface of the boot stick when 
placing them in position under the collar of the aparejo.** 

In measuring the length of stick, place the stick on the aparejo, butt 
end resting on lower edge of boot stick and in alignment under the 
collar; mark the stick in line with the stitching of collar at its for- 
ward part and cut off with pocketknife; round and smooth off the 
top surface. 

Introduce the stick through slit provided on each side at center 
stitch line, butt end first, and press to forward corner of boot, the end 
of stick resting against and over * the flattened surface of the boot 
stick, then bring the stick to place under the collar at the forward 
edge of the aparejo. 

Under no circumstances permit a stick to take position that is too 
long or too short, throughout the operation. 

Having placed the first two sticks in position, one on either side of 
the aparejo, under the collar, select two more in similar manner as 
the first two, but be careful that they are not of greater diameter or 
toughness; this rule must positively be adhered to in the taper and 
toughness of each corresponding pair of sticks throughout the opera- 
tion from front to rear. Any departure from this rule will mark 
the mule by " bunching ; " taking out the hay, as in fixing for a bunch 
will not remove the trouble. 

Having ribbed up as far as slit at center of stitch line, commence at 
rear, using the smallest stick, increasing the diameter of stick until 
the center is again reached, and the aparejo is properly ribbed. 

"A flat surface provided on butt end of sticks will prevent their rolling from 
position at the front corner of the boot; these sticlis, being of larger diameter, 
are apt to be pressed out of position during the process of ribbing. 

*This occurs in the process of ribbing. The aparejo is spread out its full 
length, the belly or body piece upward. When the aparejo stands on its boots, 
the sticks show they are against and under the boot stick. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 33 

The aparejo having thus been " ribbed up," in order to fill the sides 
or panels with hay, proceed as follows: 

Stand the aparejo up on its boots, the hand-holes facing out, and 
procure a tamping stick; an old broom handle is good for the 
purpose. 

Take a pocketknife or drawing knife and shave end of stick so as 
to leave two sides flattened, tapering toward end of stick; thickness 
at end, one-quarter inch. Concave or hollow the end on flat side, 
so that it may grip the hay in tamping. In tamping manipulate this 
stick with the hands; do not use a hammer. 

Introduce the hay through the hand-hole, a little at a time, and 
press into the corners of boots. It is well to commence at front cor- 
ners always. Tamp down with stick. In tamping do not hold the 
hands well out from the aparejo, but rather lean the stick against the 
top of aparejo; the point or end of stick is then not so apt to pass 
between the ribs in tamping. 

Be careful in tamping corners that you do not use too much hay at 
one time, or in each course. You will thus be enabled all the better 
to get the corners solid. This tamping should extend back about 6 
inches from the corners on either side, and should be thoroughly done. 
Be careful to get the four corners equal. Tamp lightly along center 
of boot. Three or four courses of hay will fill the lengths of boots 
4 inches in depth or nearly so. 

Now, spread out the aparejo to its full length on the ground, or 
place on bench, hand-hole upward, and introduce the hand to ascer- 
tain if the ribs have been misplaced at top or bottom. 

Ribs being in place, proceed to fill along top or center. Use the 
stick in pressing the hay into the corners under collar, and at the rear 
of the aparejo, but only far enough back or toward you to enable the 
hand to be used in filling the rest. Lay two courses through the body 
of the aparejo, spreading each course evenly. Do not allow the hay 
to lay in lumps, as it will " bunch " or wound the animal. 

After the aparejo has been used a while, and the hay has been well 
settled in its place and made compact, the thickness of the filling 
through the body should be about 2 inches. The aparejo should have 
a thin appearance through the body; it should not appear stuffed 
and swollen. 

The thickness of the filling decreases gradually from the boots to 
the hand-hole of the aparejo, being about twice as great in the boots 
as in the center of panel or hand-hole. 

At the top or center the normal thickness extends to within about 
4 inches of the center stitch line, the thickness gradually decreasing 
from there to the middle seam, where it is practically nothing. 

The packer now proceeds to put in additional filling, so as to adjust 
the aparejo more accurately to the mule's shape, i. e., he proceeds to 
" dress " or to face up the aparejo, as it is called. 

First, dress or face each front boot, the dressing to extend inward 
each way from the front corner toward the hand-hole, say 7 inches, 
and must be of oval shape. In introducing the hay hold the palm 
of the hand upward, so as not to disturb the bed of hay underneath 
the hand, increasing the width and depth of dressing as you recede 
from the front corner, and the inward edge of dressing to be of semi- 
52436—08 3 



34 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

circular form ; for the next 4 inches decrease the thickness rapidly as 
the hand-hole is approached. This will leave the filling of the front 
boot obviously greater than the rear boot. The difference should be 
about 1 inch for mules of ordinary girth in barrel ; mules of larger 
girth will necessarily require more hay in the front boot to make the 
aparejo sit on the animal with the boot sticks parallel. 

Next, make a dressing under the collar of aparejo for the withers 
of the animal. 

For this purpose keep the palm of the hand up and carry the hay 
well into the corners at front, using as little of the hay at each time 
as possible, so as not to disturb the bed formed beneath the hand; 
carry this dressing back from the corner, increasing the width and 
depth of dressing as you recede from the corners, the outer edge of 
dressing to be of semicircular form. 

The upper point of the semicircle should not approach the center 
line within a space of 4 inches. The whole line of semicircle should 
gradually decrease in thickness as the hand-hole is approached to 
within 4 inches of hole. The depth of this dressing will be governed 
by the height of the animal's withers. The aparejo when cinched on 
the mule should be level from front to rear. In similar manner the 
boots must be parallel and horizontal. 

The front edge, between boot and collar, may now have an addi- 
tional dressing 3 inches wide and about 1 inch in thickness, tapering 
each way toward the center, so as to give opportunity for the aparejo 
to brake or conform to the body of the animal, in the act of cinching ; 
and the aparejo is properly " set up." 

Now stand the aparejo up; that is, cause it to stand on its boots. 
Next, procure a crupper (standard size), and two lace thongs, length 
of thongs, say 12 inches, and attach the crupper to the " carrier " 
pieces, and tie down ; this helps to hold the crupper in the operation 
of lacing. 

Pass the end of lacing through the second hole on front facing 
(counting from the collar), from above down or, as may be said, 
from outside toward inside, and draw thong snug. 

Next, in similar manner, pass the thong through the second hole 
on crupper, then through the fourth hole on front facing, again 
through the fourth hole on crupper, and, lastly, through the bottom 
or end hole on front facing and crupper, and tie down. Always 
finish the tie on the last hole of the crupper; never on the front 
facing, as action of the crupper, which should bind or steady the 
aparejo is lost by such action. 

It must be remembered that the lacing must 'positively pass through 
holes on front facing and crupper from above down, in order that 
lacing may not render or slip when the aparejo is fitted to the mule. 

Next, punch two holes, one-half inch apart, at each extremity of 
the center line of the aparejo, and between the two outside stitch 
lines. Procure thongs and fit aparejo cover. Punch two holes cor- 
respondingly in the cover and tie down. 

Procure cincha; place the latigo along center of its length and 
double the cincha, causing the upper surface of cincha carrying 
linger piece to be inside. Place cincha on aparejo in center, leaving 
the ends on the " off " side with ends of finger loop on top. 

Turn crupper and rest dock on center of aparejo. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 35 

Procure a corona; double it and place it on aparejo. its ends facing 
to the front, numbered side up. 

The aparejo is now set up and ready for use. 

CAUSE or BELLY BUNCHES AND SORE TAILS ON PACK MULES AND DIREC- 
TIONS FOR THEIR PREVENTION AND CURE. 

Sec. 7. The term " bunch " is applied to a swelling or " puffing- 
up " of the skin, caused by the stopping of the circulation of the 
blood at that part of the body ; it shows unevenness in the ribbing, or 
placing of the padding (hay), causing undue bearing or pressure 
on that part of the body. 

Use as little hay through the body of the aparejo as possible. 
When the hay has become packed the thickness should not be greater 
than 2 inches. 

Should the animal be " bunched " under the belly, take out the 
hay on both sides for a space of about 4 inches above the boot, clear 
to ribs, and across width of aparejo, leaving a little at both edges. 
The aparejo, when cinched on the animal, will now shape itself to the 
animal's body and relieve the pressure on the belly. 

The " bunch " will disappear when the animal is loaded; one or 
two hours'' travel is sufficient to bring it down. Wliere hay has been 
removed, replace a little from day to day, until its proper filling is 
regained. 

Sore tails, or docks, are caused by boots of aparejo in front working 
too far out from the animal's elbow, or vice versa, allowing the 
aparejo to work forward. Cause the aparejo to work level at top and 
boot sticks parallel and horizontal, and fear no danger. 

Ribbing the aparejo too stiff in front and too weak in rear, or vice 
versa, in each case causes the aparejo to work forward. Remember 
the larger the girth, or barrel, of the animal, the greater the necessity 
of causing the boots of aparejo to stand clear of the animal's body. 
Do not allow them to incline at front or rear, but cause them to stand 
parallel and horizontal. With animals deep from point of withers to 
brisket it is absolutely impossible to cause a sore tail, no matter how 
the aparejo is ribbed or filled; but animals of this kind are unfit for 
pack service, as it is impossible to keep an aparejo on them — it works 
itself off to the rear in mountainous country, and will do so even on 
level ground. 

If through unevenness of the filling a " bunch " is caused anywhere 
else on the body of the animal, mark this " bunch " by wetting it with 
water; wet the face of the " bunch " only., as its shape on the animal's 
body is what must be indicated on the aparejo. Now place the aparejo 
on the animal, without corona or blanket, where it rests when cinched 
on; do not turn crupper. Place a hand on each side and rock the 
aparejo so that the wet surface on the body of the animal will leave 
its imprint on the aparejo. Raise the aparejo clear of the animal and 
extend it on the ground, inside facing up, and it will show the loca- 
tion where the " bunch " has been caused. 

Remove the hay under the wet surface, and nowhere else, and take 
it out down to the ribs. The better this can be done without disturb- 
ing the bed, but only where it has been marked, the more confident 



36 PACK TEANSPOETATION. 

one can be that the " bunch " will disappear on the next travel. If 
not traveling, a " bunched " animal should be loaded with pack and 
exercised sufficiently to reduce the " bunch ; " otherwise the " bunch " 
will develop into a " steadfast." 

Do not overlook any " bunches," no matter how small ; reduce them 
at once and animals can always be kept sound, and sound animals 
will always carry their load and do so with comfort. 

If pack masters will exercise care as above outlined when setting up 
an aparejo, they can follow a troop of cavalry at any gait desired, or 
climb any mountain where an animal can find footing, without the 
least danger of losing load or aparejo. 

In the case of aparejos ribbed with willow or other sticks the main 
secret is " ribbing " properly — that is, the gradual lessening in the 
diameter of each stick from front to rear. 

To keep animals sound requires the time and experience of experts 
at the business. 

SETTING UP THE " DALY " APAREJO FOR USE. 

Sec. 8. Owing to the heavy loads necessitated by the carrying of 
mountain guns (Vicker's, Maxim, etc.), the principal parts of which 
are carried as " top " loads, it has been found advantageous to supply 
boot and saddle bars of suitable wood, each bar being shaped so as to 
conform to that particular part of the aparejo coming least in con- 
tact with the body of the animal, i. e., that portion of the aparejo that 
should not rest on the animal's backbone, and be clear of the mule's 
belly. Slots are provided on bars to receive the ribs and hold them 
securely in position. Nine ribs are provided on each side, serially 
numbered with the corresponding number of the aparejo for which 
intended, the ribs being graduated in length of taper from front to 
rear, following the lines of the willow-stick method. 

The boot bars conform to the shape of the boots, as formed by the 
padding of hay, with the provision of adding a sufficiency of hay over 
the upper portion of the bars where that portion of the boot comes 
into contact with the body of the mule. 

The saddle bars, in similar manner, with the provision of adding a 
sufficiency of hay over the lower portion of the bars, where the weight 
of load is carried by the animal. 

To rib up the aparejo with boot, saddle bars, and ribs a slit 12 
inches long is provided on the back piece at rear, with holes punched 
on either side to receive lace thongs, and a " hand-hole " is provided, 
cut around to within a space of 2 inches at top, so as not to meet 
the " hand-hole " on opposite or belly side of aparejo. A hole is 
punched on lower edge of lid, with hole to correspond on back piece 
for lace thong, to secure lid of back piece. The " hand-hole " is pro- 
vided as a help to guide the ribs to proper position in setting up the 
aparejo. 

1. To rib up. — Unlace the slits and hand-holes; soak the aparejo 
in tepid water for about fifteen minutes ; drain it and lay flat, back 
pieces up; insert the boot stick and the saddle bar through the slit 
in rear and press them to their places at the boot and the center 
stitch line, slotted sides up; insert the numbered set of nine ribs 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 37 

through the slit in rear in their numerical order, and seat them in 
that order from collar to rear in the slots of the boot stick and saddle 
bar, butts at the boot; secure the top of each rib as it is seated by 
inserting the key bar at the front edge below the collar and passing 
it over the rib in place ; fasten the key bar to the collar by the thong. 
Note. — Aparejos are issued to the service with ribs in place. Ribs 
are furnished in sets of nine. Each rib is numbered at its butt to 
correspond to its proper numerical position in the panel counting 
from the collar to the rear. Each rib is also stamped with the size 
of the aparejo for which it is made. The aparejos are furnished in 
58, 60, and 62 inch sizes. The ribs for a 60-inch aparejo are there- 
fore marked 1-60, 2-60, 3-60, etc. Should repairs or alterations 
make it necessary to rib up, the butt of the fifth rib is seated in its 
slot, the overlap at its slot in the saddle bar is marked and cut away, 
and the other ribs are cut to the exact resulting length. 

2. To fill or pad. — Turn the aparejo over, belly pieces up; procure 
about 6 pounds of long, fine, soft, elastic hay ; taking a little at a time, 
tease or "mix" it carefully; insert it through the hand-hole, and 
thus gradually fill the body of the aparejo with a smooth and even 
layer not more than 2 inches thick. 

Note. — Other filling may be used in necessity, such as moss, ex- 
celsior, curled hair, sea grass, but these substitutes are difficult of 
manipulation in alteration necessary to accommodate the rigging to 
injuries of the mule. By teasing or " mixing " is meant the arrange- 
ment of the straws so that they will cross one another. The body of 
the aparejo is that part which comes in contact with the body of the 
mule. As 3 inches of the lower portion of each boot stick and 3 
inches of the upper portion of each saddle bar must not come into 
contact with the mule, no filling should be pressed under the boot 
stick or within 3 inches of the center of the stitch line. The body 
course tapers, however, so as to overlap the boot stick and saddle 
bar, and also tapers toward front and rear. 

3. To face or dress. — To adjust the aparejo more accurately to the 
shape of the mule introduce filling and press it well into the corner 
of the front boot; working toward the hand-hole, continue the fac- 
ing along the boot stick and front edge, gradually increasing its 
thickness to about an inch at 7 inches from the corner and forming 
its inner edge into the arc of a circle concentric with the hand-hole, 
the thickness tapering to the ends of the arc; continue this for 3 
inches more toward the hand-hole, rapidly decreasing the thickness 
to nothing; proceed in exactly the same way at the collar; under no 
circumstances should the collar facing reach within 7 inches of the 
center of the hand-hole. Connect the front boot and collar facings 
by a dressing along the front edge about 3 inches wide and an inch 
thick, decreasing in thickness toward the hand-hole and toward the 
middle of the edge. 

Note. — In facing up introduce the filling with the hand, palm 
up, so as not to disturb the body course. In case the leather will not 
yield enough to permit the filling to be introduced well into the cor- 
ners, the tamping stick may be used to raise it. This stick, used with 
the commercial aparejo, is 4 or 5 feet long, 1^ inches in diameter, 
wedge shaped for 4 inches from one end, the edge of the wedge being 
about one-fourth inch thick and grooved. The object of the boot 



38 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

facing is to cause the boot stick to carry horizontally and parallel to 
the center of the mule and give free action to the mule's elbow. Mules 
of large barrel will require a thicker facing than described. The 
object of the collar facing is to cause the saddle bar to carry horizon- 
tally and parallel with the center of the mule and to protect the 
mule's withers. Mules with high withers will require a thicker fac- 
ing than that described. In setting to the shape of the mule the 
aparejo bends at the middle of the front edge. It is important that 
the body course remain undisturbed during dressing, and that the 
instructions given be carefully followed to avoid sore withers and 
tails and body and belly bunches. 

4. To attach the crupper. — Stand the aparejo on its boots in its 
normal position; secure a lace thong to the front hole on the upper 
facing of the crupper on each side and fasten the crupper with short 
thongs to the center holes of the carrier pieces on the rear of the 
aparejo; pass the crupper lace thong through the second hole from 
the top of the front facing of the aparejo, through the second hole 
of the crupper, through the fourth hole of the aparejo facing, through 
the fourth hole of the crupper, and so on, finishing through the 
bottom holes of the facing and crupper and tying to the crupper hole. 

Note. — In lacing the crupper to the aparejo, the thong must be 
passed through the holes from the outside and must not be twisted, 
the lacing must not cross, and it is important that the tie be made on 
the last hole of the crupper instead of the aparejo. 

5. To assemhle the saddle. — Place the sobrejalma on the aparejo 
so that its staple holes fit over the staples on the latter ; seat the frame 
and pass the straps on the sobrejalma through the staples; pass the 
cinchas through the frame over the side bars, finger loop up, and 
cincha strap to the left ; double the cincha over the frame strap inside ; 
double the crupper forward so that the dock piece rests on the cincha. 

Note. — Guayava, willow, dogwood, hickory or any other wood 
combining the qualities of permanent elasticity and strength may be 
used to replace broken ribs. 

When the set up aparejo is to be filled, no soaking is necessary ; in- 
stead make the belly pieces pliable by rubbing with a wet sponge. 

Mules weighing 850 to 900 pounds require a 58-inch aparejo; 1,000 
pounds, 60-inch; 1,100 pounds, 62-inch; for heavier mules requisition 
should be made for larger sizes. 

When the mule is loaded the cincha, in travel, should free the 
elbow by about 1 inch; more than this will prevent a proper grip 
on the belly. 

If the boots ride high on the body of the mule, or if they reach 
under the belly, even though they ride horizontally and parallel to 
the center of the mule, the aparejo will be likely to turn easily. This 
fault encourages injuriously tight cinching. 

If one or both boots flare out or turn in toward the mule, cinch 
sores and sore tails result, or belly bunches are caused. 

The width of the collar arch clearance should be at least 5^ inches. 
If it is too narrow or too wide, or if the saddle bars slope downward 
toward the front, there will be sores on the withers ; if they slope to 
the rear there will be injuries over the loins, called kidney sores. 

If the lacing of the crupper is drawn too tight -at the bottom the 
lower edge of the crupper will rub the buttocks and cause abrasions. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 39 

The object to be attained is the uniform distribution of the weight 
of a load over the portion of the mule's body, anatomically suited 
to carrying a burden; so that the saddle will ride with little motion 
and without friction of the bearing surface on the body. The con- 
tact of the bearing surface of the saddle must be close at all points. 
As the mule's body swells from front to rear, the more or less cylin- 
drically shaped aparejo after the body course is laid must be modified 
by facing up so as to provide a concave surface to fit over a convex 
Furface. But, as the barrel of the properly conformed mule is nearly 
cylindrical through the rear half or more of the contact surface, no 
facing is necessary, as a rule, in the rear part of the aparejo, although 
conformation may require it exceptionally. 



CHAPTEK III. 

SCHOOL SYSTEM OF INSTRUCTION. 

A. Instruction or the Individual Packer in Preparation for His 
Duties in the Pack Train. 

securing and coiling ropes. 

Sec. 9. How to prepare lash, sling, and lair ropes for use.—Take 
a rope, standard size and length (see table of sizes of rope and can- 
vas, sec. 85), and form an eye or loop on one end and wrap or seize 
the opposite end in this manner : 

To form the eye unravel about 6 or 7 inches of end selected and 
double this portion back so as to form a loop about 4 inches long; 
divide the strands in the order of their twist, placing the second or 
middle strand against the strand on rope selected. For this purpose 
do not keep the rope at a twist as held by the left hand, as the loop 
or eye when formed will be at a twist, i. e., not in proper alignment. 
Now untwist the strand selected sufficiently to pass the end of second 
or middle strand through opening thus made and draw snug; next 
untwist the strand at the left and pass the first strand through open- 
ing thus made and draw snug. Now turn the rope over and untwist 
the remaining strand of rope and pass this third or last strand 
through opening thus made from right to left and draw snug. By 
this operation each raveled strand passes between its mates on the 
twist of rope. 

Now draw the strands more snugly against the free end or twist of 
rope, and commencing with either one of the three strands pass each 
one from right to left between its mates, following the twist of rope 
until the operation is performed twice ; cut off the remaining portion 
of each strand, allowing about one-half inch extending. Now place 
the rope on something solid ; place the foot over the splice thus made 
and roll rope under foot to smooth splice and the eye or loop is 
properly formed. 

On the opposite end a wrapping of canvas twine may be formed 
about three-fourths of an inch long; use a needle to pass the end of 
cord through each twist of rope, embracing the wrapping in doing so 
and draw snug each time. The cord may be waxed — beeswax is good 
for the purpose — or when a cord is not available untwist the strands 
for about 7 inches and hold the rope in the left hand close to strands. 
Now take a single cord of each strand and untwist close to the fingers 
of the left hand, bringing each cord to the front in the order of the 
strands. 

Now hold the strands between the first and second fingers of the 
left hand, and with the right hand take the first cord and loop it 
40 



PACK TEANSPORTATION. 41 

over toward the second or middle cord, and place this second cord 
over the first, holding the end of this cord between the points of the 
second and third fingers; next take the third or last cord and bring 
it under the first, if not already there, then over the second and 
around the strands from right to left, its end passing into the eye 
or loop of first cord, and draw each cord down separately until the 
strands are firmly engaged by the cords. 

This operation leaves the strands standing upward, the strands 
thus being held in the center ; now pass each cord from right to left 
as before, as in the operation of finishing the splice for eye of lash 
rope. 

This latter method is preferred by packers as more durable, as it 
will not become undone, and in similar manner is employed for the 
free ends of the sling rope. 

The operation of preparing the lair rope is entirely similar to 
that of the lash rope. 

Sec. 10. How to do up a lash rope. — Take hold of rope in the 
left hand near the cincha or by the lacings; coil with right, re- 
ceiving coils in left hand ; length of coils 24 inches. 

Take cincha in right hand, make one turn with it around the 
coils, and pass the hook through the loop formed by the coils. Draw 
the hook well up, causing the cincha to tighten snugly on the coils 
(i^, fig. 2). 

Sec. 11. How to do up a sling rope. — Take a sling rope and bring 
the ends together, grasp both parts in left hand about 20 inches from 
ends ; coil as in the case of lash rope. 

Take three turns of the loop around coils and pass the loop through 
the coils, as in case of cincha hook; draw coils up snugly against 
end. This should leave the loop out, not exceeding 4 inches; length 
of coils 24 inches {vii., fig. 2). 

Sec. 12. How to do up a lair rope. — Take a lair rope by its eye, 
in left hand; pass the end through the eye and draw through until 
a coil of 24 inches is formed; hold and coil as in case of lash rope, 
taking three turns of the end around coils. Pass the end through, as 
in the case of cincha hook; draw coils snugly up, leaving not more 
than 6 inches of end out (rm, fig. 2). 

LAIRING UP THE PACKS. 

Sec. 13. How to square ends of packs and tie hefore lairing up. — 
By " lairing up " a pack, we mean wrapping it up in a manta, or pack 
cover, to prevent damage to the pack during transportation. (See 
fig. 6, etc.) 

Wlien cargo is composed of sacks of flour, coffee, beans, rice, corn, 
or oats, etc., it is necessary that the ends of packs be squared and 
tied before " lairing up." 

The more compact the packs and the better the ends are kept 
square, the better the load will ride and the less danger there will 
be of the sacks bursting when dropped on the ground, through acci- 
dent or negligence. 

For this purpose old or unserviceable sling, lair, or lash ropes may 
be used. Cut a length, say, 20 inches and untwist; take one of the 
strands and form a bowline knot at one of its ends. (Sec. 45.) Al- 
ways commence at bottom or seamless end of sack. 



42 PACK TRANSPOBTATION. 

Procure a marline spike ; cause pack to rest on its end ; face one of 
the narrower sides ; squeeze the sack about 4 inches below the farther 
corner with both hands, so as to bring the hands toward one another. 
Through the portion of the sack thus included pass the spike, and 
form hole large enough for strand to pass through. 

Pass the end of strand through hole formed, and draw it through 
until bowline knot meets hole; hold strand taut; tap lightly on knot 
with heel of right foot, drawing slack as rendered hj tapping. Should 
not sufficient slack be gained, tap lower down, 4 or 5 inches from knot, 
gradually raising until knot is reached. 

Hold the rope taut ; move around so as to face the other end of the 
sack ; make a hole with the marline spike as before, and pass the free 
end of the strand through; tap with the heel, as described in the 
former case, and draw taut. 

Now introduce end of strand through bowline knot, draw down 
snug, and secure. Turn up the other end and do likewise, and pack 
is in condition to " lair up." Sacks needing it should be doubly 
sacked. 

HOW TO LAIR UP SIDE PACKS. 

Sec. 14. Secure a lair rope and spread out manta ; place pack diag- 
onally in center of manta; i. e., with ends facing opposite corners. 

Face a side of the pack; pick up the near corner of manta and 
bring it tightly over pack, lapping corner under sufficiently to make 
it just cover the pack. Place knees on this part; grasp the opposite 
corner and, turning it under also, bring it tightly over pack, its edge 
flush with near edge of pack. Place right knee to hold this part in 
place and face one end; smooth canvas squarely down, and turn in 
corners ; reach out and grasp the end, and bring it tightly over pack, 
spreading canvas out, if necessary, to cover corners. 

Place left knee thereon, face opposite end, and do likewise. In 
bringing this last corner across length of pack turn corner under 
when necessary to square with end of pack. 

Place left knee on pack and reach for lair rope; bring the rope 
lengthwise under pack, leaving the eye near the upper edge. Place 
end of rope through eye, if not already there, and draw it through; 
grasp the running rope in both hands; place both knees on end of 
l^ack, and draw well taut. This should bring the eye about six 
inches over end. 

Hold slack with left hand ; grasp the rope with right about 2 feet 
in advance of the left ; form a loop outward and inward, so that the 
right hand will come under the left, and the running part of the rope 
will ride under the standing part. Pass this loop under the pack 
about 6 inches from the end and draw taut. Face the other end, 
placing the knee on the intersection of the ropes ; form a similar loop, 
and place it around this end ; holding taut with left hand, turn the 
pack over, passing rope over middle of end. Place foot on pack and 
draw taut. 

Now pass the end of rope over and under the middle of cross rope 
at nearer end of pack ; then over and under cross rope at farther end 
and draw taut. 

Pass rope over middle of end of pack, turning the pack over, and 
securing the rope to the cross part at the intersection of the ropes. 

If length of rope permits, take a turn around the center also. 



PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 43 

In making up side packs keep the sides and ends square. Xever 
make up a side pack in ball shape, or get it any longer than the width 
of the aparejo, when possible to avoid doing so. 

HOW TO LAIR UP A SIDE PACK 01<' ROPES WITHOUT THE AID OF PACK COVER 

OR MANTA. 

Sec. 15. Take a lair or sling rope, hold an end in each hand, and 
spread out the loop. Place the end held in left hand on the ground ; 
draw sufficiently on the end in right hand, so that when this end is 
folded to the front the rope will lie in three equal lengths. This leaves 
an end of the rope and a loop at either extremity. Make the three 
ropes equally distant from one another at the center. Place length- 
wise across the center as many coiled ropes as it is determined to form 
into a side pack. 

Wlien ready, another packer Avill assist to " lair." The two packers 
face one another on opposite sides of the pack, each draws on his 
end of the rope until opposite loop is close to side of pack ; then passes 
his end of rope through opposite loop and draws slack. Each then 
places both knees on side of pack and draws taut, causing the loops 
to come near center of pack. 

Each packer holding rope taut with left hand, with right hand 
passes rope over middle of end of pack to his left ; assisting one an- 
other, they turn the pack over. Each now passes his rope to the other ; 
then causing the ropes to cross at the center of the pack, each brings 
his rope to the middle of his side of the pack. 

Resting their knees on the pack, the packers now draw the rope 
taut ; then holding the slack, they turn the pack over and fasten the 
ropes together by a square knot on top of tlie pack. 

HOW TO LAIR UP AN APAREJO AND RIDING SADDLE FOR STORAGE OR 

SHIPMENT. 

Sec. 16. Without turning the crupper, extend the aparejo on the 
ground, inside facing up. Place the corona on it, full length, sweat- 
cloth facing up. Now procure a lair rope; bring the loop over one 
end of aparejo and place so as to lie along center of corona and 
aparejo. Cause the aparejo to stand on its boots; draw slack on rope 
so as to leave eye or bight of rope on top and in center of aparejo. 

Proceed and finish as in lairing side pack and secure dock of crup- 
per at top. 

Ropes, canvas, and blankets should be made into packs of convenient 
size and laired ; each pack to have a tag indicating its contents. 

Each riding saddle should have its blanket folded; the bridle and 
blind are placed therein and rolled up and the roll tied to cantle of 
saddle. 

The stirrups should be wrapped around saddle in convenient man- 
ner and the whole placed in a " gunny " sack, secured at top, and 
tagged to show its contents. 

PUTTING THE APAREJO ON THE MULE HOW TO FOLD AN APAREJO 

BLANIjLET. 

Sec. 17, Hold the blanket by the corners, the short way up and 
doAvn ; fold across the longer edges, right hand holding corners, left 



44 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

holding folded edge at corner. Shake the blanket and spread it out 
on the ground, the hands still holding up the corners. Carry the 
upper edge to the front, so as to leave a portion of the blanket, 22 
inches wide, on the ground. Then fold back, so as to leave the blanket 
in three equal folds, 22 inches wide and 42 inches long. Fold once 
more, bringing the ends together. It is now in condition to be placed 
on the aparejo before putting the ajarejo on the mule. 

HOW TO PLACE BLANKET ON APAREJO PREPARATORY TO PUTTING ON THE 

APAREJO. 

Sec. 18. Place so that the ends will rest on front of aparejo. Its 
proper place, before putting the aparejo on the mule, is under the 
corona. 

HOW TO BLIND A PACK MULE. 

Sec. 19. Take hold of one of the sides of blind near end; hold 
animal by halter or halter shank; bring blind fully over animal's 
neck to "off side," allowing half of blind with tail to hang down; 
bring the crown of blind well to front and pass it over animal's ears 
with right hand, from right to left. Do not raise the hand in passing 
over, as the animal may duck from it. 

HOW TO PLACE CORONA, BLANKET, AND APAREJO ON THE MULE. 

Sec. 20. It is assumed that two packers, called, respectively, the 
" near " and " off " packers, work together in placing the aparejo 
on the animal and see that the aparejo is properly equipped — i. e., 
that the cincha is folded and placed on top of it; that the crupper 
is turned so as to rest on top of the cincha, and that the blanket and 
corona are on top of the aparejo. 

A corona is placed in position on aparejo, as explained for the 
blanket (sec. 18), numeral or design on top. 

With right hand take hold of the upper half of corona at the 
middle of the nearest side, fingers resting on top, thumb under; raise, 
and with the left hand grasp lower half in similar manner; raise, 
extend corona, and pass it over animal's body with right hand, the 
left guiding, to come in line over cross or birthmark on animal's 
withers, center of corona along center of back. 

A blanket is handled and placed on corona in similar manner. 

The " off " packer, in both cases, receives the " off " end of the 
corona and blanket as each comes over, and assists in adjusting them 
in place. 

To place the aparejo on the animal, stand in front of aparejo and 
take hold near its center, in rear, with right hand ; place the palm of 
the left hand against the front of the belly piece of the " off " side 
of aparejo, fingers downward and near to the boot of aparejo. 

Now lean the aparejo well toward the body, thus raising the "off" 
side of the aparejo well off the ground, then, both hands assisting, 
raise the aparejo with left hand well up and pass it over animal. 
Allow it to rest on animal's back slightly in rear of its proper 
position. 

In the operation do not slap the aparejo on the animal's back, as 
the animal may jump from under. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



45 




46 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 47 

HOW TO TURN THE CRUPPER. 

Sec. 21. The " near " packer takes hold with left hand on lower 
edge of crupper, fingers under, the right palm down, near the dock; 
the " off " packer takes hold similarly, hands reversed ; both raise 
crupper well up, press forward with palms, bringing edge of crupper 
toward them with the hand, and crupper is turned. 

The quicker the action the easier turned. 

HOW TO CINCH AN APAREJO. 

Sec. 22. When crupper is turned, the " off " packer, with right 
hand, holds the upper edge of crupper well up and out from the 
animal's buttocks, and with left hand passes the tail up between the 
crupper and the mule's hips, and receives it with right hand; holds 
tail well up on animal's hips ; presses crupper down under dock with 
left hand, and lets go of tail; raises tail partly with left hand and 
places dock of crupper well under animal's tail. 

He then places his left breast against crupper to hold it in place; 
frees the animal's tail, observing that no hair rests on dock; places 
the palm of left hand on center of aparejo, the right hand on corner 
of boot, and pushes the aparejo forward to its place; steps to animal's 
shoulder, faces to rear, and places right hand on collar of aparejo. 

^Vhile the " off " packer is thus engaged, the " near " packer draws 
the upper fold of cincha quickly toward him ; allows the other end to 
pass over to " off" packer, guiding it to center of aparejo at top with 
left hand; retaining the leather facing of cincha on the near side 
of the aparejo; grasps latigo well down with right hand and calls 
out " Cinch ! " 

At the word " cinch " the " off " packer passes the end of cincha 
well under with palm of left hand, holding it in position until he 
feels it has been received by the near packer ; he observes that cincha 
is over the center of boot of aparejo, places left hand on rear corner 
of boot and holds the aparejo forward to its place. Do not raise the 
aparejo in front. 

The " near " packer takes hold of cincha with left hand on corner, 
passes the double of latigo through eye of cincha from above, brings 
it up in front and passes it through rendering ring from above, 
grasps the double of latigo with left hand well under, and with the 
riglit hand passes the end through eye of cincha in rear of the other 
part, places the palm of left hand against the front corner of boot 
as a brace and pulls taut with right hand. (This is termed a "pri- 
mary cinch.") 

Holding latigo in right hand, he takes hold of rear corner of boot, 
the left holding front, brings aparejo well forward to place, and 
calls out " Cinch ! " ' 

At this signal the " off " packer passing in rear observes that the 
aparejo is straight on the animal, takes hold of latigo in between 
the near packer and the mule, the palm of right hand up and of 
the left down, and places right knee on boot of aparejo. 

The near packer holds latigo far' enough back to permit him to 
raise his left foot to boot of aparejo, his left hand in front of his 
right, both palms up. The two packers then pull together, reach 



48 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



49 




52430— OS- 



50 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

forward, taking a second and similar pull, and, if necessary, an addi- 
tional pidl to bring the eye or hole of cincha to edge of boot. 

The cincha must be in center both at top and at boots of aparejo. 

The " off " packer, holding slack of latigo with right hand, takes 
hold Avith the left below the right, palm down, the thumb grasping 
latigo underneath. He brings the latigo up, resting the butt of palm 
of left hand near top of aparejo, the fingers gripping the top thereof; 
with the right hand passes the end of latigo from above through 
finger loop and receives it with the two first fingers of the left hand ; 
holds slack below left with right hand and pulls the end with left, 
taking slack well in. The latigo being drawn taut by this action, 
the end is engaged between the standing part of the latigo and the 
iparejo and is thus caught in place. (See figs. 10-11.) 

rORlNIING THE LOAD PREPARATORY TO LOADING THE MULE. 

Sec. 23. Take a coiled lash rope and unwrap cincha (sec. 10) ; 
hold coils and cincha at point of lacing in left hand ; release as many 
coils of rope as will leave, say, from 10 to 15 feet extended. Swing 
the coils held in left hand toward the right and place on the ground, 
cincha underneath. 

Now take the side packs, which make up a load, and place them 
lengthwise on lash rope, the heavier pack underneath. Take a coiled 
sling rope, unwrap and place crosswise on load. Then pick up the 
end of lash rope, extended on ground, coil and place on load. ^ 

In preparation for loading the mules the cargo is thus formed in 
separate loads according to the number of mules available. 

5LINGING the LOAD HOAV TO PLACE THE SLING ROPE ON THE APAREJO. 

Sec. 24. Take hold of the sling rope, about 5 feet from one end, 
with the left hand, the two last fingers gripping the rope; with the 
right form as many coils as may be necessar}^, according to the size 
of the load, and receive the coils between the thumb and two first 
fingers of the left hand, at the same time retaining the grip on the 
rope beyond the coils with the two last fingers of the right hand. 
Now receive the coils from the left hand, betAveen the thumb and two 
first fingers of the right hand, and, retaining the grip on the free 
ends of the rope by the two last fingers of each hand, throw the coils 
over the aparejo to the off side, separating the ropes at the same 
time, as the length of the packs may determine. A loop of the rope 
is thus made to hang down on the " off " side of the aparejo, while 
the two ends called, respectively, the " front " and " rear " ropes, 
hang down ou the near side. (See fig. 11.) 

. If, due to the size of the load, it is necessary to lengthen or shorten 
the loop on the " off' " side, do so by taking or giving slack on the rear 
rope, never on the front rope; the latter should be allowed to hang 
nearly to the ground. 

HOW TO LIFT SIDE PACKS AND PLACE THEiSI ON THE APAREJO. 

Sec. 25. The " off " packer stands facing the sides of the packs ; 
takes hold of uppermost pack at each end, hands well under, and 
raises it to his knees; raises it from knees quickly to breast and car- 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



51 




52 



I'ATK 'I ItANSI'Oiri'ATION. 




PACK I'liANSl'OlilAIION. 



nn 



I'ics it ((» ''oil'" side. If liciixy, iiicliiif llu" Uody InrwMid mikI rnisc 
quickly, ( lirowiiim' (lie liciid mikI slioiildcrs liiick. IJcsl louci' {'{\ij^v of 
))iU'l< on iipMrcjo :uid iillow IImI side ol pack lo conic down on iipiircjo. 

The M|)(M' cdii'c should I'idc (hisli w ii li ( he ccnici' oi' (op of a|)in'cjo. 

The"" nc:ir '^ pucker lil'ls in siinihir ni:iniicr :ind phiccs his pack so 
as to hip iihont four inch(>s on (o|) of ''oil'' puck. \\'ei^':h^ of packs 
l)ein<2^ e(|iiMl, (his will pefnii( (he "nr;ii-" p;i(k, ui'iry " lii-MkiM<i'/' (o 
ride level wi(h i\\o '■'oil'" pack. 



now TO Sl.l NO Till', I.OAD AM) I 111 Till', Sl^MAKK K NO'I'. 

Skc. LM>. Tile "oil'" packet', s(andin<i' soniewiial away I'l-oin (he innle, 
as a brace, snpporls his pack in place \vi(h ler( hand, palm a<i,aiiis( (he 
center of (he |)ack and slii|ii(ly niidenicadi i(, so as (o halance (he 
\vei<>h( of (he pack. 

\\'i(li (he ri^lil he picks up (he rron( and (hen (he rear pai(s of (he 
loop of (he slin^- rope and hritii^s (hem np (o ceider, (he l(d*( hand I'e- 
ceivin<i; (hem l)c(\\('cii Ihiiml) and rorcliiiiicr and holdino' (hem (an( 
a^ainsi (he pack. 

11(1 then passes (he loop of (he rope oNcr his ri^ld shoiddcr, and 
when '■'near" packer calls oii( " K'ope," he (hrows (he loop liohlly 
over \vi(h his ri;i,li( hand. If (hrowii hard il will hoiiiid hack. 
Should (here not he sidlicieni rope (o pass lo " near" packer, he pulls 
on (he I'ear rope siidiciently to do so. 

'I'he " near " packer takes a similar position to that a hove descrihed 
foi- the " oil' " packer and siippoi'ls his pack with the hd't hand in the 
same manner. \\'illi (he lialit hand he picks np (lie I'roiU rope and 
l)rin<^s il lo Ihe ceiiler ol' (he Jiack, (he hd'l r'ecei\iii^- il helwccn i\\{\ 
thnnil) and rorelini^cr and hohls i( (aii( a<^ains( (he pack. 

Now lake (he end of (his I'ope in (he riyld hand, call ou( " Ivope," 
to ''oil"" |)acl<er, and (piickly jilace the rope on (op of (he loop as it. 
eoUH'S ovei-. Pass Ihe end Ihron^ii the loop Iroiii alio\(' and draw 
down tant, lettin*'' the riiihl hand slip down on roic (o near Ihe edtrc! 
ol pack. 

The load is now held in place hy Ihe rope as llioiii.di caught in a. 
hl^hl. The loop of ihe slini^ rope should iie\'er he placed ahoNC or 
helow the swell of the pack, as the rope IIk'H loses its. reta inin^ hold 
on load. This does not apply to hox loads. 

Now place the hd'l hand e(|o(. of p;ilni reslin^on (op of rope helow 
its (>n<ia<2;ement on the swell of pack, raise the rope with Ihe ri<iht, 
hand so as to <;ive opportiinily I'im- the last two lingers of (he hd't: 
hand to «j:i-ip it, and keep the rope coni|)ressed a^!;ainst the palm, the 
free end lian<!;ini!," down. 

Now reach down with i-ii!^^hl hand and pick np np (he rear rope, 
brin^ino- it, np snu*; a<;ains( pack in rear of Ihe Croiil I'ope. Iveceiv(^ 
it, between (he poiids of (linml) and lirsl (wo rni<^vr,. ol' (he hd'l hand, 
allowing- (he Tree end, or porloii, lo liaii<^- (o ri'ar nrrtr allow (his 
j)oi'(ion (o cross oNcr* (he I'roid ro|)e, (o avoid con fii ;iiiL'' lliciii. Voii 
will learn (his. 

'I'he lin<4-ers of (h(> hd't hand now hold Ihe I'ldiil and lear ropes, (he, 
free ends of each rope han<;iiio- dow n. 

Now lake (he fronl rope in (he ri;L!;h( hand, pass il over and under 
the i'(>ai- rope from ri<-|i( (o hd'l, and piiM laid, allowinL'' (he last two 



54 



PACK TRANSPORTATIOlSr. 




PACK TRANSPOETATION. 55 

fingers of the left, hand to escape from under the rope as it comes 
down taut, and allow them to fall in front of the rear rope (not in 
rear or behind it). 

Xow, again, bring the " front " rope over the outer or free end of 
" rear " rope from right to left and up toward the thumb of the 
left hand, receive the rope by allowing the thumb of the left hand 
to fall down on the crown or loop of the front rope formed by this 
operation, and bring the thumb-holding rope toward the palm of 
the hand, and hold it there. 

Now take or grip the " rear " rope, and pull down taut, and the 
square knot is tied. 

Coil up the extra rope, pass the coils from rear to front between 
the rope and the top of the pack, and draw snug. 

(The parts of the sling rope are designated as " s " in fig. 40.) 

HOW TO " BRAKE " A SIDE PACK. 

Sec. 27. The " off " packer does not " brake " his pack ; if put up 
properl}^ it is already in position. The " near " packer '' brakes " the 
load. 

The "near" packer, the square knot being tied, calls "Hold," 
indicating that the " off " j)acker must hold his pack in position. To 
do so, he will place a hand on each corner of pack, stand well out, 
and brace against load. 

The " near " packer places a hand on each lower corner of pack, 
raises the lower edge well out and up, causing the front edge to work 
down and in, even with the off pack. If found difficult, when the 
pack is well up alternate the hands down and up until the pack is 
flush with off pack ; then allow or cause it to settle on aparejo. 

" Xear " pack having been lapped four inches, packs of equal 
weight should " brake " flush. ^^Tien the weight of the two packs 
varies, lap accordingly, and brake until rope becomes taut, and settle. 
Do not try to brake a box load, as it will stand out from aparejo; 
" hold " and settle. 

Always remember the more equal the weights of the two packs the 
less trouble they are when traveling, and tlie closer they are slung 
together the better they will ride. 

HOW TO DOUBLE SLIXG SIDE PACKS AVHEN LENGTH OF PACKS REQUIRES IT. 

Sec. 28. Place the sling rope on the aparejo. with the loop on the 
" off' " side, leaving only enough of the ends on the '* near " side to 
tie with. The packs being in place, the off packer proceeds and 
passes loop to near packer, as in single slinging, separating ropes as 
much as possible. 

The " near " packer supports his pack with left arm. and grasps 
the rear part of the loop on top of pack with left hand, with right 
reaches down, picks up the rear vope on aparejo, and ties the two ropes 
together by a square knot, getting the packs well together in doing so ; 
then throws the front of pack well up, to come even Avith rear end, 
picks up ropes in similar manner as at rear, and ties square knot. 
" Brake " and settle packs in usual manner. 



56 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

HOAV TO CROSS SLING SIDE PACKS WHEN TOP PACKS ARE NECESSARY. 

Sec. 29. The " near " packer takes a sling rope by its middle and 
passes the ends over to " off " side, retaining sufficient of the loop so 
that when "off " ]3ack is in place the loop can be passed up to its 
upper edge. 

The " off " packer then puts his pack in position and supports the 
pack with his left hand, at center of pack. With the right hand he 
picks up the front and rear rope and brings them up to center of pack ; 
receives them in left between thumb and forefinger, ropes pressed 
taut against side of pack. 

With right hand he coils the ropes hanging down, coiling on left 
thumb, and throws coils over center of pack to " near " side. He then 
separates the front and rear ropes. The right hand now supports the 
pack, and the left receives the loop when passed up by " near " packer. 

The " near " packer, after the off pack is in position and the ends of 
ropes have been thrown over, passes the loop to the " off " packer ; 
he then separates the ropes on " near " side. Placing " near " pack 
on, he calls out " Rope," and proceeds to tie as in single slinging. 
(Sec. 26.) 

The top pack is now put in place between the two side packs and 
above the sling rope.*^ 

Just before tying the sling rope it is sometimes found necessary 
to get packs closer together. In such a 'case the "off" packer takes 
hold of the rear rope and pulls toward him from below, the " near " 
packer giving slack on front rope, as held in bight of sling, and 
pulling down on rear rope to take in the slack as rendered by the 
" off " packer. When enough has been taken the " near " packer calls 
out " Good." 

If the " near " packer desires more rope to enable him to tie, the 
"off " packer will pull on the rear rope from above with the left hand 
until the " near" packer takes slack by drawing on the front rope, 
thus pulling the bight or loop of the sling farther over to his side. 

If packs are high the "off" packer passes sling to rear with left 
hand, the "near" packer reaching from behind to receive it. 

In passing loop to "near" packer over load, or from behind, it is 
well for the "off" packer to hold the loop with the thumb, the fingers 
extended, as he can thus more readily indicate position of rope to 
"near" packer. Always place the packs lengthwise. Top packs 
should never be carried when possible to avoid them. They cause 
delay and are troublesome. 

HOW TO DOUBLE CROSS SLING SIDE PACKS WHEN LENGTH OF PACKS 

REQUIRES IT. 

Sec. 30. The near packer takes a sling rope by its middle and 
passes the ends over to the "off" side in similar manner as in single 
cross sling with the exception that the rope is evenly divided — ^that is, 
by retaining as much of the loop on the near side as the ends indicate 
on the " off " side ; proceeds and ties as in double slinging, i. e., at 
rear and front. 



a In the operation the side packs should be carried high enough to support 
the weight of the top pack to bind the load. 



PACK TKANSPORTATION. 57 

LASHING THE LOAD HOW TO FORM THE DIAMOND HITCH. 

Sec. 31. In the formation of the diamond hitch and tightening of 
the load, two packers are employed. One, termed the " near " packer, 
stands on the "near" side of the animal, looking toward rear; his 
mate, termed the " off " packer, stands on the " off "' side, facing 
toward the front. The side packs being slung on the animal (sec. 26) 
the " near " packer throws the end of the lash rope in rear of animal, 
and the cincha portion under the animal's belly, convenient to the 
" off " packer, who picks them up and holds them in the left hand, 
as indicated in fig. 19, and stands erect. 

(1) The near packer now picks up the rope, about 5 or 6 feet from 
cincha, and holding about 2 feet of rope between the hands, stands 
close to the animal's neck; now with both hands extended downward, 
he draws the right hand backward, to give impetus to the motion, 
and with one motion he swings the rope fore and aft between the side 
packs, clearing the animal's haunch in the action, allowing the rope 
held by the left hand to drop. (See fig. 13.) 

Now, holding on to the rope held in the right hand, he draws on the 
running portion between the packs, bringing the right hand down by 
the side, arm's length, and reaches up with the left hand and grips 
the rope, so as to have the back of the hand upward. This brings the 
thumb under the rope (do not get the fingers under). He then draws 
on the running portion between the packs, in similar manner as done 
by the right hand, bringing the left hand down by the side, arm's 
length ; do not let go of the rope held in each hand. 

Now, Avith an outward and circular motion, bring the left hand 
holding the rope to the elbow of the right arm — this leaves the rope, 
or loop, on the outside of the right arm — and raise both hands to 
the position as seen in fig. 14. 

Next bring the right hand to the center of the pack, and with one 
motion, both hands assisting, throw the " standing " rope, held in 
the right hand, over the center of the load, to the " off " packer; the 
" running " rope, held in the left hand, over the mule's neck. (In 
this action the back of the left hand rests on the mule's neck as seen 
in fig. 15.) 

(Note. — The separating of the standing from the running rope is 
done purposely, to avoid confusing the "off" packer; both ropes 
should never be thrown together. Further, when throwing the stand- 
ing rope over the load, do not give the rope a wild outward and circu- 
lar swing, else the standing portion below the hand will become 
engaged around the rear corner of the aparejo and cause delay, w^ith 
perhaps a strenuous expression from the " off " packer.) 

Now, draw sufficient slack on the "running " portion between the 
packs, about 6 or more feet, to form the rear half of the diamond, 
and throw this rope to the rear of the " near " pack, allowing the 
rope to go free from the hands. (This rope now becomes the " rear " 
rope.) Next take hold of the running rope on the mule's neck, the 
left hand forward of the right, and with the assistance of the " off " 
packer, bring this running rope to the center of the load (fig. 16), by 
the side of the standing rope: both packers should perform this 
action together, never singly ; it causes confusion and delay. 

The right hand now slips down the rope to a point about midway 
between the pack and the "boot;" reach for this rope by passing 



58 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



59 




60 



PACK TRANSPORTATIOlSr. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



61 




62 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

the left hand hetween the standing rope and the aparejo, and grip the 
rope above the right hand; now, both hands assisting, slip down 
the rope and parting from each other, on each side of the standing 
rope, hold the rope in a horizontal position, with a space of about 
10 inches betw^een each hand ; jam this portion down between the two 
cinchas under the aparejo, and the hitch is ""formed'''' on the "near 
side," ready to tighten. (Figs. 17-18.) 

To avoid confusion, I have explained the formation of the hitch by 
" near " packer, in the first instance, as is customary in the practice of 
instruction. Now, we will take up that portion in the formation of 
the hitch devolving on the " off " packer. 

(2) The Q-ff packer, having picked up the end of the rope and 
cincha, holds them in left hand, mouth of hook to the front, stands 
erect and waits for the standing rope to be thrown over the center of 
the load. (Fig. 19.) As the rope comes over he grips it as high as the 
arm will conveniently reach (fig. 20) and immediately places the 
cincha hook in position under the aparejo, about 6 or 8 inches, and 
draws down the slack on the standing rope, b}'' one or two quick pulls, 
and lowering the hook for convenience, he engages the standing rope 
on the hook from in, out; or from above, down. This leaves the 
standing rope next to the aparejo and the running rope on the outside 
of the hook. (Fig. 21.) 

(After engaging the rope, do not hold the rope taut on hook.) 

Xow, place the left hand, holding the end of the rope on top of the 
running rope, between the right hand and hook, and grip both ropes, 
the thumb under the running rope ; now allow the right hand to slip 
upward on the running rope, and with the assistance of the " near " 
packer, bring this rope to the center of the load. (Fig. 22.) In this 
operation the left hand will immediately follow the right to the center 
of the load; this will bring both hands together. (Fig. 23.) 

Now% with the right hand draw the end of the rope forward, held 
by the left hand, so that about 12 inches will fall on the " near " side 
of the animal's neck and the hitch is formed on the " off " side, ready 
to tighten the load. (Fig. 18 for the " near " side and fig. 2-1 for the 
"off'^"side.) 

It will be seen that the hitch is now laid ready to tighten. This 
tightening is a progressive action, beginning on the near side and go- 
ing by the rear all around the animal, assisted greatly by the taking 
of the ropes out of their line of direction. 

(3) The near packer, to tighten the load, places the left hand, palm 
down, on the side and center of pack ; with the right hand he grips 
the running rope in the rear of the standing rope on the side of the 
pack (fig. 25) and brings it between the thumb and index finger of the 
left hand ; now bearing against the pack with the left hand as a brace, 
he holds the running rope taut and calls out " Go!" indicating he is 
ready to receive the slack from the '' off " packer. 

(4) The off packer, at the word "Go," takes hold of the running 
rope as near the hook as possible, and placing the left knee against 
the end of boot of the aparejo as a brace, he pulls all the slack pos- 
sible by bending the body well over, as seen in fig. 26, and gives this 
slack to the " near " packer quickly, in such manner as if trying to 
hit the aparejo with both fists; do not let go of the rope. Now take 
a second and similar pull and call "Tie," indicating no more slack 



PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 



63 




64 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




Fia. 18. 



PACK TRANSPORTATIOJS'. 



65 




5243G— OS r. 



66 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



67 




68 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



69 




70 



PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 




Fig. 24. 



PACK TKANSPORTATION. 



71 




72 



PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 73 

can be taken on the standing rope; then step quickly to the rear and 
throw the " end " rope forAvard of the pack (this rope now becomes 
the " front rope ") and grasp the rear rope between the packs, 
ready to receive the slack from the near packer. 

(5) The near packer, at the call " Tie," brings the right hand 
holding the slack down toward the aparejo in the rear of the stand- 
ing rope; the left hand receives this rope and slack by bringing the 
hand under the standing rope. gTipping the rope above the right 
hand, so as not to loosen the slack, and brings it forward. Now, with 
both hands, jam the rope upward, between the standing rope and 
pack ; the running rope is thus held firmly, as if caught in a bight. 
(Fig. 27.) 

Now" bring the free portion of the running rope below the bight, 
around the front boot of aparejo with the left hand, and step to rear 
of aparejo and with the right hand gTasp the rope in rear of the 
cincha and receive the slack from the left hand ; now" bring this rope 
up in the rear of the boot and place the left hand below the right, 
both hands bringing the rope up quickly to the upper corner of side 
pack, and hold the slack taut, the palm of the left hand compressed 
against the pack, the right hand indicating how much slack has to be 
taken in by the " otF '" packer (fig. 28) who then receives it, hand over 
hand, quickly, and prepares to pull on the rope. To do so take hold 
of this rope, termed the " rear " rope, with both hands, and pull the 
rope taut (fig. 29) ; do not let go of this rope until you see the body 
of the ''off'' packer "setting"' on the rope, then let go of the rope 
quickly; learn to turn the rope loose at the proper time; the ditference 
will be noted. Now step forward of the load and face to the rear, 
and grasp the end of rope, and wait for slack from the " off " 
packer. (Fig. 30.) 

(6) The off packer having taken in the slack from the " near " packer, 
hand over hand, takes a wrap of the rope around either hand, and 
leans the body forward, toward the animal's haunch, takes a forward 
step with the right foot and in line with the animal's body, never 
outward, and sets back on the rope with all his w-eight. (Figs. 31-32.) 
He now holds the slack Avith the left hand, and with the right brings 
the free or running portion under and around the boot of the aparejo 
to the front; steps forward and faces toward rear; now grips the 
rope Avith the left hand below the right, and brings both hands 
quickly to the upper corner of pack, the left holding the rope com- 
pressed against the pack, the right indicating hoAv much slack has to 
be taken by the "near" packer. (Figs. 33-34.) This is termed the 
" front " rope. 

(7) The near packer having gripped the end of the rope (fig. 30) 
proceeds to take in slack, hand OA'er hand, until he has about 6 or 8 
feet; this portion, or end of rope is thrown over the center of the 
load to the " off " packer ; he then continues to take in the remainder 
of the slack. Now, likewise, he takes a Avrap of the rope around 
either hand and leans the body forward toAvard the load (fig. 35) and 
" sets " back on the rope (fig. 36), giving the slack in similar manner 
as described for the " off " packer; the " near " packer noAV holding the 
slack Avith the left hand, brings the free or running portion Avith the 
right hand, under and around the boot of the aparejo and partly 
toward the center of the load, and calls out, " Rope." (Fig. 37.) 



74 



PACK TRANSPOETATION. 




PACK TRA^; SPORT ATION, 



75 




76 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



i i 




78 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



79 




tiy"':^itt 



« 



80 



PACK TRANSPORTATTON. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION, 



81 




52436—08 6 



82 



PACK TRANSPOETATIOK. 




PACK TKANSPORTATION. 



83 




84 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 85 

(8) The o-ff packer, having given the slack to the " near " packer, 
steps to the center of the load and grasps the end of the rope, and 
at the call " Rope," takes in all slack, hand over hand, coiling the 
rope in the operation, and holds coils in the right hand. 

At the call, "Take slack" (fig. 38), from the "near" packer, he 
places the left hand palm down against center of pack, as a brace, 
and receives the slack from the " near " packer. (Fig. 39.) He now 
grasps the standing portion of the rope above the coils and raises 
this jDortion high enough above the load to permit placing the coils 
on top of the load; in this action swing the coils from rear to front 
and bring the standing portion of the rope down on top of the coils, 
to hold tiiem there, and secure the end of the rope; to do so take a 
wrap of the standing portion of the rope from right to left between 
the standing and running ropes and pack; holding the end of loop 
in both hands jam the double of the rope well up, so as to be caught 
in a bight, and take a similar turn betw^een the standing and running 
ropes and jam this portion up likewise, and the load is tightened. 
(Figs. 40 and 41, showing completion of the hitch.) 

Note. — The act of tightening, taking the standing and running 
ropes out of their line of direction, forms the " diamond " on top of 
the load ; hence the name given this form of hitch. In its formation 
a single knot is made, and when undoing the hitch the end, or top 
rope, when freed, is pulled or drawn from between the standing and 
running ropes; this leaves the lash rope free of knot.) 

In the formation of the " diamond " the rope has six designated 
names : 

On the " near " side we have the standing, running, and marking 
ropes, and the front, rear, and top ropes. 

On the " off " side we have the standing, running, front, rear, and 
top, or end ropes. 

The standing rope is that portion encircling the mule and load to 
point of engagement on hook. (Figs. 40 and 41.) 

The running rope, from hook going back over center of load to 
center of pack on the " near " side. (Fig. 40, to R, fig. 41.) 

The marking rope, from the center of side pack on the " near " 
side, from point where jammed under the standing rope and front 
corner of boot of aparejo. (Fig. 41, R and M.) 

The front rope passes over the front corners of the load; the rear 
rope, in similar manner, over the rear corners; in both cases, on each 
side, the rope passes under and around the boot. (F and D, fig. 40, 
and D and F, fig. 41.) 

The top rope, from the rear corner of the boot on the " near " side, 
running up toward and across the center of the load (fig. 41) to 
the center and side of the " off " pack, where the Avrapping of rope 
indicates completion of the hitch. (Fig. 40.) 

It may be added, there are various methods of finishing the hitch, 
as conditions of loading may suggest to the experienced packer. 

The " top " rope may be used as a marking rope by bringing the 
rope to rear of the near pack instead of to the center, to indicate 
that the load has been tightened, in lieu of the marking rope, and 
by many packers is preferred as a better method of marking the 
load. 

The formation of the " diamond " hitch and tightening of the load 
is performed in from twenty-five to thirty seconds. 



86 



PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



87 




88 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




Fig. 40. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 89 

The operation of loading a pack mule (this includes putting on the 
aparejo) is performed by experts in from forty-five to sixty seconds." 

HOW TO FORM THE DOUBLE DIAMOND. 

Sec. 32. This hitch is sometimes used when employing top packs 
or top loads, kegs and barrels excepted ; for these latter the " double 
hitch " is employed. 

The near packer takes a lash rope and uncoils about 15 feet of 
the free end, nnd passes it over the animal's haunch to the " off " 
packer, who in turn passes the rope between the top and side pack 
and allows the end to fall over the animal's neck to ground. 

The neciT packer, in similar manner, brings the rope between the 
tojD and side pack ; in both cases the top corners of each " side " pack 
retain the rope in position during the formation of the hitch. 

The near packer will then hold the cincha with the right hand, and 
allow the coils held in left hand to drop to ground. 

Now throw or pass the cincha to the " oft " packer, under the ani- 
mal's belly, and form a loop, and pass the standing rope over the load ; 
the running rope over the animal's neck, as in forming the single 
" diamond," and, after the '" off " packer engages tlie standing rope 
on the hook, the near packer throws, or passes, all rope on ground to 
rear; this forms the rear half of the " diamond." 

Next, with the assistance of the " off " packer, bring the running 
rope up to center of load, and pass the running rope from rear to 
front, between the standing rope and cincha, as in forming the single 
" diamond." 

Now bring the end of rope between the standing and running ropes 
from in, out, and draw 3 or 4 feet of the end forward and a 
'' diamond " is formed on the near side. (Fig. 42.) 

The off packer, to form a " diamond " on the " oft' " side, takes the 
end rope, as resting between the " top and side " pack, doubles a por- 
tion, forming a loop, and brings this loop between the standing and 
running ropes from in, out, and allows the loop to fall down; the 
loop comes under the boot in the tightening of the hitch, separating 
the rear and front ropes, thus forming a " diamond " on the " off ' 
side. (Fig. 43.) 

The hitch is now formed, ready to tighten the load. 

In tightening the hitch, proceed in similar manner as in the single 
" diamond," with the exception that the rear and front rope, in tight- 
ening, passes along the face of each end of top pack, to retain the top 
pack in position. This formation gives a " diamond " on each side 
of the load; hence the name, " double diamond." (Fig. 44 for near 
side and fig. 45 for off side.) 

«As an aid to learn how to form the d-iamond and other hitches, a wooden 
horse, such as used by " carpenters " may be provided. 

It should stand 4 feet high, the center or ridge pole to be 6 feet long, the legs 
to be spaced 9 inches on each side, from cental- of ridgepole, so as to have 
18 inches spread on each side. Bevel the upper ends of legs adjoining ridge- 
pole so that their extremities will stand on the ground about 2 feet apart. 
As a reenforce supply a small cleat of wood on the upper and outer ends of 
legs underneath the ridgepole. 

Now place the corona, blanket, and aparejo on this wooden horse, turn the 
crupper and cinch the aparejo in the customary manner; place the sling rope 
on the aparejo and proceed to put 'on the side packs, forming the load as 
described in section 31, etc. . . . 



90 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



91 




i, l: !f .,■'3' « 



.«, *'»% '■'.4 * 




92 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



93 







94 PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 

HOW TO FORM THE DOUBLE HITCH. 

Sec. 33. This form of hitch should never be used, except when 
packs are so narrow that the " diamond " will slip over them, as in the 
case of kegs, a single barrel, coils of rope, etc. 

The double hitch is made as described for the single diamond hitch, 
with the two following exceptions: 

( 1 ) The " near " packer, before passing the running rope to rear 
of pack, brings the running rope up, from the animal's neck, arid lays 
it on the center of the load, in front of the standing rope. He then 
takes sufficient slack on the running rope between the packs, and lays 
or throws it to rear of load, thus causing it to ride over hoth the run- 
ning and the standing ropes; he then takes the rope in front of the 
standing rope and brings it down from right to left between the 
standing rope and pack and under the boot of the aparejo in the 
customary manner. 

(2) The " off " packer, instead of placing the end of rope between 
the standing and running ropes, places it under hoth, then raises to 
center of load, and drops about 12 inches of end on " near " side of 
animal's neck, and hitch is formed ready to tighten. 

The hitch is tightened in the usual manner as in the operation of 
the " diamond." 

HOW TO FORM THE DIAMOND HITCH WHEN THE CINCH HOOK IS LOST OR 

BROKEN. 

Sec. 34. First, the near packer will remove cincha from lash rope 
and place it on top of load ; then throw the lash rope as usual. 

The off packer picks up the end of lash rope, and, as the standing 
rope is passed to him by the " near " packer, he brings the end of the 
rope from rear to front around the standing rope ; holding standing 
rope in loop he forms a bowline knot on end of rope ; this leaves the 
standing rope in loop of bowline knot. Then proceed with the dia- 
mond hitch in the usual manner. 

To take the lash rope off undo the bowline knot. 

HOW ONE packer CAN SLING THE LOAD AND FORM THE DIAMOND HITCH. 

Sec. 35. Take the lash rope and grasp it with both hands, about 
three feet apart, anywhere near the middle of rope; bring the por- 
tion of rope between the hands under the boot of the aparejo, and 
bring the hands together above the boot of the aparejo and grasp 
both ropes with left hand. 

Now, grasping the rear rope with right hand forward of the left, 
pass a loop of it over the aparejo, of size proportionate to the size of 
the pack. Lay the standing part as close to the rear edge of the 
aparejo as length of pack admits and rest the running part on the 
animal's hips. Drop the rear rope from left hand; then grasp the 
front rope with right hand below the left and with the left hand pass 
the rope over to " off " side in similar manner as described for the 
rear rope, resting the outer or running part on the animal's neck. 
Now place the sling rope in position in the usual way (sec. 24). It 
should lie between the front and rear parts of the lash rope. 

Take up the " off " pack and, from the " near " side, place it well 
up toward center of aparejo. Place the left hand at center and lower 
edge of pack to hold it in place. Take the rope resting on the ani- 
mal's hips and bring the loop over the rear end of pack, letting the 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 95 

right hand relieve the left at center of pack and with the left bring 
the front loop over the front end of pack. 

Now place the left arm with elbow supporting the pack; grasp the 
rear rope of lash rope with left hand, as explained in double slinging 
side packs (sec. 28). Grasp the front rope with the right hand, 
bring it under the boot of the aparejo, from front to rear, and up to 
the left hand. Tie the two ropes by a square knot, as before de- 
scribed (sec. 16). Then work the pack so as to settle it to off side, 
giving slack at square knot, if necessary to get it settled to place. 

Pass to off side and bring the sling rope over the center of pack, 
resting the loop on rear corner of pack. Return to near side and 
place the near pack in position. 

Reach for the loop of the sling rope from behind, bring it over 
center of packs, and tie the square knot in the usual manner (sec. 
26) ; then brake or settle pack to place. 

Untie the lash rope from under the packs and proceed with the dia- 
mond hitch in the usual manner, passing from near to off side, as re- 
quired, until the hitch is in position to take in slack. 

Then take in all slack possible on the " off " side, and to hold it 
hring a hight of the running rope between the standing rope and the 
pack, so as to make it bind. 

Proceed to take in slack in the usual manner. After pulling taut, 
as shown in Fig. 26, bring the hands toward the aparejo quickly 
and grasp both ropes, i. e., the standing as well as the running rope, 
and, holding both ropes with left hand, receive the slack above the 
bight, as caught under the standing rope. Take a second and sim- 
ilar pull and receive the slack above the bight as before and pass to 
the near side. Note. — Bringing the running rope between the stand- 
ing rope and the pack forms a holdfast and retains the slack as taken 
above the bight. 

Take the running rope from under the standing rope on " near " 
side, should it be there, and draw in all slack. Then bring the run- 
ning rope under the standing rope as before. (Fig. 27.) 

The taking of slack should be repeated until all is rendered. In 
the completion of the hitch, pass from near to off side, as necessary, 
taking up all the slack until the hitch is completed. . 

HOW TO FORM THE POLE HITCH. 

Sec. 36. For this purpose a lash rope without cincha, or two sling 
or lair ropes joined together, may be used for the purpose. 

The nea,r packer takes a lash rope and removes cincha and passes 
one-half of rope over the load to the " off " packer. Each packer 
takes hold of rope with the right hand, with the arm extended 
downward, raises the rope, causing it to rest on the left arm, and 
reaches for the standing rope at pack with left hand. Now bring 
the right hand, holding rope, to and above the left hand, allow- 
ing the free end to drop downward, and part the hands, bringing each 
rope over the upper corners of side packs and the loop portion under 
the boots of the aparejo. 

Pass each end over the load to the opposite side, the " off " packer 
bringing his end under the standing rope at center of pack, waits 
for the word " Go," and the hitch is formed, ready to tighten. (Figs. 
46-47.) 



96 



PACK TRANSPOETATION. 




PACK TBANSPORTATION. 



97 




52436—08 7 



98 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

The near packer, to tighten the load, holds the end of rope 
passed by the " oft" " packer over the load, and placing the left hand as 
a brace against the pack, calls out " Go." 

The off packer will pull the slack on the running rope in the usual 
manner and call out " Tie." 

The near packer brings the rope under the bight of the standing 
rope, immediately takes hold of the running rope at center of boot, 
and waits for the call of " Go " from the " off " packer, who frees 
the end of rope from under the bight and proceeds to take in 
slack in similar manner, each packer securing the end of rope as Jn 
completion of the " diamond " hitch or as convenience mav dictate. 
(Figs. 48^9.) 

The pole hitch is the formation of a half hitch over each side pack; 
no portion of the rope passes under the belly of the animal, distin- 
guishing it from all other forms of hitches. While it compresses 
the load to extreme tightness, it affords no tightening of the aparejo 
to the body of the animal, a necessary qualification when climbing a 
mountain, or, in other words, the load may be compressed, while the 
aparejo may be lose on the animal. It should never be used when a 
lash rope is available. It may be used for packing odds and ends 
after cargo is loaded and a lose animal is available, and when pressed 
for time. It is also used to secure travois to aparejo and improvised 
" litters." 

HOW TO FORM THE OREGON DIAMOND HITCH. 

Sec. 37. This form of hitch is performed by one packer, and is 
closely related to the crosstree or sawbuck hitch. 

Standing on the near side of the animal, take a coiled lash rope and 
free the coils, hold the cincha and allow the coils to drop to ground; 
now take sufficient slack on rope and pass the cincha over the load in 
such manner that the cincha will come under the animal's belly within 
easy reach; pick up cincha and engage the standing portion on hook 
from in out, bringing a portion of the running rope upward, and 
engage it under the standing rope from right to left, to hold it there; 
now take the free or running portion of rope and form a half hitdi, 
or single loop, keeping the free end under, and draw sufficient slack 
to engage over the off' pack and boot of aparejo. 

Pass to the "off" side and pass the running rope from left to 
right, between the pack and standing rope, and press to place under 
boot of aparejo, as performed on the near side in the regular 
" diamond." 

Now pass to the " near " side and take the end of the rope and 
pass it over and under the standing rope at rear, draw sufficient slack 
and drop the end of rope over the animal's haunch to ground, and 
the hitch is formed, ready to tighten the load.* (Figs. 50-51.) 

To tighten the load, pull on the running rope close to cinch hook 
in the usual manner, but be careful that the rope is not drawn from 
under the bight of standing rope, as its purpose is to retain the slack 
as given. 

" The rniininjr rope may l)e kept to renr of tbe standing rope in the fdinintion ; 
the end of tlip rope will then be over the animal's neck on the off side instead of 
over the haunch. 



PACK TEANSPOKTATION. 



99 






'{ f 







^-'-^ •'^ 




lUO 



PACK TEANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATIOISr. 



101 







102 



PACK TEANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 103 

In giving slack, bring the hands quickly to standing rope and grip 
both ropes with the left hand, so as to hold the slack, then receive 
this slack above the bight on standing rope, and repeat the operation 
until all slack has been taken; pass to the "off" side and receive 
this slack in the usual manner. Now pass from the " off " to the 
" near " side until hitch is tightened, finishing the hitch in the usual 
manner, or as conditions may indicate. (Figs. 52-53.) 

HOW TO SLING THE LOAD AND FORM THE CROSSTREE HITCH ON CROSSTREE 
OR SAWBUCK — HOW TO SLING THE LOAD ON CROSSTREE. 

Sec 38. It is assumed that* the animal is equipped with crosstree 
and ready to receive load. 

The near packer takes the sling rope and forms two half hitches 
on the " forks " at front of saddle, and allows each half to drop to 
ground, on each side of the animal. 

Each packer will then form a half hitch on the free end over the 
forks at rear, allowing sufficient loop on rope to receive side packs. 
The " off " side is entirely similar ; in this operation the free end of 
rope should come under the loop thus formed. (Fig. 54.) 

The off packer places the side pack well up toward forks and, hold- 
ing it there with the right hand, palm down, against center of pack, 
proceeds to pass the rope along the lower side of pack, taking slack 
on free end of rope at rear and brings this portion under the pack to 
center, then with the end of the rope take a turn around the rope 
along the side of the pack at center and draw snug. This will hold 
the pack or support it, and forms a bowline knot on end of rope; he 
now brings the rope upward at center of pack and waits for the call, 
" Rope !" from the " near " packer. 

The " near " packer proceeds in similar manner (without forming 
bowline knot), and when ready calls out " Rope !" He will then pass 
the end of rope over and under the eye of bowline knot and draw the 
packs well together, each packer holding packs well up, to assist in 
doing so, and secure the end of rope at bowline knot, or at center of 
side pack at turn of sling rope, as it is always within easy reach. 
(Fig. 55 ; same on " off " side.) 

This operation may be performed by one packer. 

HOW TO FORM THE CROSSTREE HITCH. 

Sec 39. For this purpose take a lash rope with cincha, about 35 
feet long, and stand on the near side of the animal, facing the load; 
take the cincha and throw or pass it over the load in such manner 
that the cincha will pass under the animal's belly, convenient to 
packer; pick up the cincha and, taking in all slack, engage rope on 
hook; now bring a portion of the running rope up to side of pack, 
double this portion, and pass it under the standing rope from rear 
to front, so as to be caught in a bight between standing rope and 
pack ; this will hold the rope. 

Now bring the running rope upward, double the rope and bring 
it under and forward of the standing rope, and take slack on double 
of rope, then form a loop or half hitch on this portion, keeping the 
free end under and turn loop over, drawing sufficient slack on rope to 



104 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



105 




106 



PACK TRANSPOETATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



107 




108 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

pass over the " off " side pack, from front to rear ; step to " off " side 
to place rope over upper corners and along the lower side of pack; 
now come to " near " side, and bring the running rope around the 
lower side of pack, and pass the end over and under the standing, 
running, and rear ropes at center or top of load, from above down, 
and take in all slack, in similar manner as performed on the " off " 
side, and the hitch is formed, ready to tighten the load. 

To tighten the load, take hold of the running rope, close to cinch 
hook and take all slack possible, allowing the hands to come quickly 
to standing rope, and grasp both ropes with the left hand; receive 
this slack from above the bight, pass to the " off " side and take in all 
slack from front to rear, keeping the rope against the lower edge of 
pack ; pass to " near " side, and take in all slack by pulling the end of 
rope and place the rope in similar manner as for the " off " side and 
secure the end of rope on the near or off side, or top of load. (Figs. 
56, 57.) 

The forks of the saddle act as a holdfast in keeping the packs from 
moving fore and aft, the lash rope tightening the load at the center of 
side packs. 

(Note. — This form of hitch is the parent of all other hitches used 
in pack-train service. The change in not bringing the loop under the 
standing rope forms the " Oregon diamond," the latter leading to the 
" diamond," " double diamond," etc. This hitch is used by pros- 
pectors, miners, hunting parties, the Bureau of Forestry, and is 
known and practiced in many countries.) 

HOW TO FORM THE STIRRUP HITCH. 

Sec. 40. This form of hitch is used principally by cattlemen (" cow 
punchers ") on the " round-up " or trail, the ordinary riding saddle 
being sometimes employed for the purpose. 

Assuming that the load is properly slung on the crosstree, take a 
rope about 30 feet long, without cincha, and pass the rope over the 
load, so as to have an equal division on each side ; now form a loop 
on top and center of load. Each packer will now take the end of 
rope and pass it from above, down into the loop at top, taking suffi- 
cient slack so as to leave a loop long enough to place the foot therein. 

Each packer will then pass the loop held by the foot to each other 
under the belly of the animal, and receive it by passing the end of 
the rope into the opposite loop and release the foot. (Fig. 58.) 

Before taking slack it is well to sperad the rope at top of side packs, 
so as to grip them more securely. At the call " Ready," each packer 
will place his foot against the animal's body and draw rope taut, 
and secure end of rope to loop on center of load; or a bowline knot 
may be formed on end of rope on the " off " side, the " near " packer 
passing his end through loop ; the " off " packer giving slack in the 
usual manner, and secure rope at bowline knot. (Figs. 59, 60, 61.) 

TAKING OFF THE LOAD AND APAREJO HOW TO TAKE OFF THE LASH ROPE 

AND THE LOAD. 

Sec. 41. (1) Off packer. — -The " off " packer releases the end of the 
lash rope, as secured on the " oft' " side (fig. 40) and passes it quickly 
over the animal's neck to near side. This should be done quickly, 
so as to cause any coils of the end that have been placed under the 
top rope to fall to the ground. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



10^ 




HO 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



Ill 




112 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



113 




52436—08 b 



114 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

Grasp the front rope, draw on the slack sufficiently to bring it over 
and to rear of packs, stepping to rear as you do so. Then draw in 
the slack, hand over hand, coiling the rope in the operation, and 
receive the coils in the left hand, until the end of the rope has been 
freed from between the standing and running ropes. (This is the 
reverse of the process illustrated in figs. 22 and 24) . 

Now step to center of aparejo, and when slack is rendered on run- 
ning rope at bight of standing rope (R, fig. 41) by " near " packer, 
free the cincha hook from the rope. 

(2) Near packer. — The " near " packer grasps the rear rope (D, 
fig. 41) with right hand, and when slack is rendered by " off " packer, 
he draws enough to free the " marking " rope (M, fig. 41) from under 
the front boot, and from under the standing rope at center of pack 
(R, fig. 41) . He allows sufficient slack to the " off " packer to enable 
him to free the rope from the hook. 

The hook being freed he grasps with the left hand the running 
and rear ropes and the standing rope near the lacings of the cincha, 
and calls to " off " packer, " To rear." 

(3) Off f acker. — The " off " packer, at the call " To rear," grasps 
the running, standing, and rear ropes in right hand, passes them 
back over the animal's haunches, and swings or throws the coils held 
in left hand to the rear, in line with the " near " packer. 

(4) Near packer. — The " near " packer, holding ropes in left hand, 
coils them with right, receiving coils with left hand, leaving from 
10 to 15 feet of the end extended. 

He then steps forward and partly in front of the animal swings 
the coils toward the rear and places the lash rope on the ground, 
cinch underneath. 

(5) Off packer. — The " off " packer, having passed the ropes to 
the rear, steps to center of load and witK left hand frees whatever 
portion of the sling rope that may have been placed between the 
packs and allows it to drop to ground on near side of the animal. He 
now places a hand on each end of pack as a support and waits for 
the knot to be untied by the " near " packer. 

(6) Near packer. — The "near" packer, having placed the lash 
rope on the ground, steps to center of load, places left hand, palm 
down, on center of pack, and calls out " Ready ! " 

He then frees the knot with the right hand and, changing the 
position of the hands, he frees the front rope from the bight of the 
sling and allows it to drop to the ground. 

Grasping the pack at ends he allows the pack to come down against 
his breast, carries and places it lengthwise on the coiled lash rope. 

(7) Off packer. — The pack being freed, the " off " packer receives 
it against the breast, allowing the sling rope to be caught between 
the pack and breast; carries pack and places it on top of the " near " 
pack, coils the sling rope, and places it crosswise on the packs; then 
takes the end of the lash rope where extended on the ground, coils 
and places it on top of pack. The load is now formed as described 
in sec. 23. 

(Note. — ^When occasion requires in forming cargo, the lash ropes 
may be passed to the front instead of to the rear, i. e., over the ani- 
mal's head instead of the haunches. This is effected in a manner 
entirely similar to that described above.) 



PACK TRANSPORTATION, 115 

HOW TO UNCINCH AN APAREJO AND TURN THE CRUPPER. 

Sec. 42. With the left hand loosen the end of the latigo or cincha 
strap and with the right hand draw the latigo down. Loosen and 
release the latigo from the rendering ring; then pass the latigo over 
to the " off " side, causing it to lie along the middle of cincha. 

Grasp the lacings of the cincha with the right hand and draw the 
cincha toward you, the left arm resting on top of the aparejo as a 
support, the thumb engaged under the latigo as a guide to keep the 
latigo in the middle of the cincha as the cincha is drawn over. Hav- 
ing drawn sufficient of the cincha place the left hand, fingers ex- 
tended at middle of cincha, and fold the end over with the right hand. 
This leaves the cincha doubled on top of the aparejo, equally divided. 

Step to the front, place left hand on collar, right on corner of boot, 
and push the aparejo slightly to the rear; if necessary, alternate each 
hand. Step squarely behind animal, with the right hand grasp the 
end of the animal's tail, raise it to the right and upward, resting 
it on the animal's haunch, and hold it there with the left hand. With 
the right raise the crupper so as to free the tail and allow the tail 
to drop. 

Take hold of the upper edges of the crupper with both hands, 
about 10 inches from the dock on either side. Raise and bring the 
hands together. Take both edges in the left hand; place the right 
palm under the lower edge of crupper, and while the left hand is 
pressing downward, press upward with the palm of the right, thus 
turning the crupper upside down. Allow the dock of crupper to 
rest on the center of aparejo. 

The animal should be held throughout the operation by retaining 
the end of the halter shank in the left hand. 

HOW TO TAKE OFF AN APAREJO. 

Sec. 43. Take hold with right hand, near the center of the aparejo 
and at rear, the left at front corner of boot ; press in quickly with 
left, and pull toward body with right. This gets the aparejo quar- 
tering on the animal's back. Pass left hand over to off side, palm 
against inside of belly piece of aparejo; raise the aparejo with left 
hand, to clear animal's back, and place it on the ground. It will be 
observed that the position of hands is the same as when putting on 
the aparejo. 

Note. — In taking off the aparejo packers must not place the aparejo 
on the ground with force. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

HOW TO FORM TWO HALF HITCHES THE POLE HITCH. 

Sec. 44. Take a rope at point determined to form hitch, and hold 
in left hand, the last two fingers pressing rope against palm, the 
thumb and first two fingers ready to receive the hitches as formed. 

Grasp the rope in the right hand in front of the left and at a dis- 
tance from the left determined by the size of the loops or hitches it 
is desired to form. 



116 PACK TRANSPORTATION". 

By an outward and inward motion of the right hand make a loop 
in the rope, the part held in the right hand passing under that held 
in left. Allow the lirst finger of left hand to receive this loop. 

Make a second and similar loop and place it on top of the loop first 
formed, receiving it between the thumb and loop already formed. 

Render slack either -way, to permit of hitches being of similar size. 
Place hitches over object and draw taut. 

HOW TO FORM A BOWLINE KNOT. 

Sec. 45. With the left hand, palm up, grasp the rope, say, about 12 
inches from the end, the standing part of the rope extended out 
from you. 

With the right lay the end or running portion over the standing 
part, in front of the left hand, and grip both ropes with the thumb 
and first two fingers. 

Now bring the left hand, holding rope forward, passing over the 
end of the rope as held by the right hand, and lay this loop or eye on 
top of the standing rope and grip both ropes between the thumb and 
first two fingers of the left hand. This operation leaves the end of 
the rope standing upward in the eye of rope as thus formed. 

Now take the end of the rope in the right hand and bring it for- 
ward, then under and over the standing rope and back again into the 
eye of bowline, grip the end between the two first fingers of the left 
hand and pull taut on the standing rope, and the bowline knot is 
formed. 

HOW TO FORM THE BOWLINE AND BIGHT. 

Sec. 46. Take a rope and double it at any point determined to form 
the bight; now grasp the double or loop at end with the right hand, 
and with left reach forward and grasp both ropes as far as the size of 
the loop may be determined; bring the loop end of the rope over 
and under both ropes and into the " eye " thus formed. 

Now with the right hand grasp the loop or double and draw 
sufficient slack to pass the right hand, palm up, from above down 
through the loop end only. Now grasp the double of the rope in the 
center of the eye and hold it there. Next bring the loop end forward 
against the standing part, and pull taut on the double of the rope 
held by the right hand until the loop end compresses on the standing 
part, and the bowline and bight are formed. This form of knot is 
used in stretching a picket line, etc. 

HOAV TO CONSTRUCT A TRAVOIS. 

Sec. 47. Secure two poles from 14 to 16 feet long, as light as can 
be had, the diameter at the smaller ends being not greater than 2 
inches. 

Six inches from the butt end of each pole cut a notch deep enough 
to receive a sling or lair rope. 

Take a manta and place poles thereon at opposite edges, leaving 
about 6 feet of the butt end of the poles extended beyond the manta. 
Roll the poles toward one another, leaving a space of 2 or 3 feet 
between the poles. Lace the poles to the manta by means of lace 
strings or small rope. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 117 

Take a sling or lair rope and near middle of rope secure the 
butt end of each pole where the notches were cut. Use half hitches, 
and allow about 18 inches of rope between the two poles. 

Raise the poles and so place them that the center of the rope 
between the poles will rest on the center of the aparejo on the mule. 
Secure the poles to the aparejo with pole hitch. (Sec. 36.) 

The construction should be strengthened by a distance pole lashed 
to poles below the manta. 

One packer should lead the animal, and two should be in rear to 
hold up ends of travois in bad places or in crossing streams. 

To enable them to hold the ends up, a rope should be attached to 
end of each pole. 

HOW TO IMPROVISE A STRETCHER. 

Sec. 48. Cut two poles 3 feet long; double sling them (sec. 28), and 
tie down to boot of aparejo. Cut two poles 2 feet long; place one 
in front and one in rear of aparejo, crosswise; mark and notch and 
secure to side poles. This should bring the cross poles 2 inches clear 
of the aparejo. 

Cut two poles 6 feet long to form frame for stretcher. Take a 
manta and place the poles on the opposite edges of manta. Roll 
toward center, leaving a width of 20 inches between the outer edges 
of the poles. Lace manta to poles. Place a distance pole at each end, 
notch, and secure. The plane of the canvas should ride on top. 
Secure body to stretcher by a lacing over body, clearing the stomach. 
Secure poles of stretcher at front and rear to each crosspiece and lash 
stretcher to aparejo. (Figs. 62, 63, 64, and 6.5.) 

Fig. 62 shows adjustment of bamboo frame to the aparejo prior to 
lashing litter thereto. 

Fig. 63 shows method of attaching litter to bamboo frame, the 
crosspieces passing through legs of litter at front and rear as a hold- 
fast and lashed to aparejo — near-side view. 

Fig. 64 shows position of wounded on litter, fig. 65 showing off-side 
view. Jolo pack train carrying wounded soldiers to the sea from the 
interior. 

(Note.— The writer is indebted to Col. H. L. Scott, Superintendent 
of the United States Military Academy, West Point, N. Y., for the 
above views.) 



118 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



119 




120 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



CHAPTER IV. 

B. Instruction in the Service as a Pack Train. 

1. SUMMARY OF DUTIES IN LOADING AND UNLOADING A TRAIN. 

Sec. 49. The operation of loading a train, or of imparking, in pre- 
paring for a march, may be summarized as follows : 

(1) The mules follow the bell horse and take their places at the 
rigging. They are tied together by means of their halter shanks as 
they stand facing the rigging. 

(2) The packers then put on the aparejos. Each animal, after 
receiving his aparejo, is tied to the lash rope under the load he is to 
carry. (Sec. 55.) 

(3) The aparejos being on, the packers begin at once to load the 
animals. As each animal receives its load it is turned loose, and cer- 
tain men are detailed to keep the animals in the neighborhood of the 
"bell." 

In the operation of unloading a pack train, or of parking, after a 
march, the elements of a pack train are arranged as follows: 

(4) The cargo is formed by the cargador. (Sec. 50.) 

(5) The rigging is placed in an orderly manner, convenient to the 
cargo. (Sec. 51.) 

(6) The animals, if not on herd, are tied to a picket line, placed 
conveniently in rear of rigging. (Sec. 72.) 

(7) The kitchen is placed convenient to water and nearest to cargo. 
In this order a pack train is parked in camped or bivouac. 

These various operations are described in detail in the succeeding 
sections. 

2. LOADING A PACK TRAIN. 
HOW TO FORM CARGO PREPARATORY TO LOADING THE MULES. 

Sec. 50. In selecting ground for the cargo always choose the highest 
available, so that water will drain from it. 

In first forming a cargo at the place where the stores to be trans- 
ported are received, the coiled lash ropes are all placed on the ground 
in order before the loads are laid on them. 

Take the middle of the ground selected for the first rope. Undo a 
lash rope (sec. 10) and place it on the ground, the cincha underneath 
the coils, the end of the rope extended 10 feet. Get a sling rope and 
place it on top of end of lash rope about 2 feet from coil. Take 
another lash and sling rope and place them similarly near those 
already in position, the heads of the coils adjoining and about 6 inches 
apart, the ends of the lash ropes extended out in opposite directions. 

The remaining rojDCS are then placed in a similar manner in posi- 
tion on either side of these two, thus leaving them in two lines, with 

121 



122 PACK TKANSPORTATION. 

a space of 6 inches between the lines and an interval of about 2 feet 
from center to center of lash ropes in the same line. 

Now place the loads on top of their respective lash ropes. 

In selecting packs to form a load, cargadors should be careful to 
get both side packs of as nearly the same weight as possible, always, 
however, placing the heavier pack on the bottom. Form loads ac- 
cording to their kind as much as possible, as a mixed load is always 
troublesome. 

Place the packs lengthwise on the ropes, but with the flatter side 
of the packs down. 

When cargo is in place on lash ropes, commence at ends and place 
the sling ropes on top of loads crosswise; then coil the ends of the 
lash ropes and place them on top of the sling ropes. 

In parking a pack train the cargo is formed as here described, ex- 
cept that the lash ropes are placed only as the loads are removed. 

HOW TO PLACE THE RIGGING. 

Sec. 51. Preparatory to loading, the rigging is placed together, 
either in line or in some other formation, as an L, a half circle, a 
horseshoe, etc., as convenience or the nature of the ground may dictate. 

If to be arranged in a straight line, the aparejos are placed so that 
each will have its boots abutting squarely against those next adjoin- 
ing. The line is parallel to the line of the cargo and about 10 paces 
from it. 

If an L, place the first rigging in prolongation of the line of the 
cargo and 10 paces from the end of the cargo. Then run ten rig- 
ging in line perpendicular to the line of the cargo; turn at right 
angles and run the rest parallel to the line of the cargo. The cargo 
is thus included in the angle of the L. 

If a double L, start as in the case of a single L, and run ten rigging 
in line perpendicular to the line of the cargo; turn and run thirty 
parallel to the line of the cargo ; then turn again and run the last ten 
perpendicular to the line of cargo. 

If half circle is desired, incline boot of each aparejo toward the 
boot of the next aparejo, already in place. 

In each of these last two cases, the cargo is included between the 
extremities of the line of rigging. 

In placing, always watch the front corners of the boots of the 
aparejo; for as they are inclined or squared, so will the line run. 

As one stands in rear of the line of rigging, facing the front, the 
" head rigging " is on the right, the " end rigging " on the left. 

HOW TO TEACH ANIMALS TO COME PROPERLY TO RIGGING. 

Sec. 52. Pack animals should be early taught to " come to the 
rigging." The first and necessary requisite is to teach them to come 
in from the herd-ground properly. That is, they should string out 
behind the " bell " animal, and should not bunch together like a flock 
of sheep. A thoroughly organized train, if brought up in a bunch, 
may take their places at the rigging without trouble ; but a " shave- 
tail," or unorganized train, never will. 

The object of the instruction is to teach the animals to approach 
the rigging quietly and take their places in line in rear of it, facing 
toward the rigging. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 123 

As the animals approach the rigging from the rear, in single file, 
packers should take station on either side of the column. 

One packer holds the bell animal, facing the third rigging from the 
head rigging. By the time all the animals are in place, the " bell " 
will have been crowded down, opposite the first or head rigging. The 
mules are then guided, so as to form in line, facing the rigging, on 
the flank of the " bell " animal. (Fig. 66.) 

To do this, one packer, in rear of the " bell " animal, guides the 
first mule to the proper flank of the " bell " animal ; while one packer, 
immediately in rear of the rigging, crowds the mule up toward the 
" bell " animal. As the mules come in these two men gradually work 
down the line, guiding each successive mule to his position. Three 
packers are stationed on each side of the column of approaching ani- 
mals to assist in guiding them in place. Should any animals break 
away, the herders must be prompt to round them up and get them 
back in place. 

The pack master and the cargador should stand in front of the rig- 
ging to prevent the animals from jumping over. 

To more readily teach them to come to ringing, the animals may 
be fed there, the feed covers being spread on rigging for that purpose. 
This, however, should be discontinued as early as possible. 

HOW TO TIE ANIMALS AT RIGGING. 

Sec. 53. The animals having taken their places as described in 
section 52, they are next tied together by means of their halter shanks. 
(Fig. 66.) 

The packers station themselves in rear of the animals and keep 
them well up to the rigging. The pack master and cargador are in 
front. The cargador places a blind on the last animal. 

The mules, as they come in from herd, have the halters on, the 
halter shanks detached. These shanks are piled conveniently, one- 
half at the head, one-half at the end of the rigging. 

The packmaster beginning at one end and the cargador at the 
other now work toward the center, attaching the halter shanks to the 
halters. 

This is done by means of the " snap " at one end of the shank. 

Then working from the center to the ends they tie the animals 
together. Additional packers will be detailed to assist when nec- 
essary. 

This is done as follows: Take the case of the man who is working 
from the center toward his right or toward the " end rigging ; " he 
takes the halter shank of the first mule, i. e., the one nearest the cen- 
ter, about 9 inches from the snap, and forms a bight or loop in it 6 
inches long. Holding this in the left hand he grasps the halter shank 
of the second mule about 2 feet from snap and brings it from front 
to rear over the loop held in left hand, retaining it in place on the 
loop by the pressure of the forefinger of the left hand. Then, with 
the right hand, he grasps the free or running part, passes a bight of 
it under the loop and under and over the standing part; then down 
through the loop held in left hand. Holding the original loop in the 
left hand he grasps this bight of the running part in the right hand 
and pulls taut. 



124 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TKANSPORTATION. 125 

This knot is immediately unfastened by pulling on the running or 
free end of the shank. 

In tying the third animal form the loop in the halter shank of the 
second animal between the snap and the knot just tied. Then take 
the halter shank of the third animal and proceed as before. So con- 
tinue to the flank until all are tied. 

In the case of working from center to left (or toward head rigging) 
along the line of mules the knot is formed similarly. Note, however, 
that in this case the first loop is formed each time in a free halter 
shank, and that the running or free part of the halter shank on the 
right is used in making the knot. 

HOW TO " DO UP " THE HALTER SHANK BEFORE TYING ANIMAL TO HIS 

LOAD. 

Sec. 54. To keep the halter shank out of the way and prevent it 
from dragging it is secured in the following manner : 

With the left hand hold the animal by the cheek piece of halter on 
near side, and with the right pass the shank over the animal's neck 
to the off side. 

Grasp the shank over the animal's neck and pass it between the 
ears so that it will lie between the crown and ear on near side and 
along in front between the ear and eye on off side, keeping the arm 
well over the animal's neck in doing so. 

Now bring right hand to near side, reach for the shank under ani- 
mal's neck and, bringing it up snug, pass it up from rear to front 
under the buckle piece of the halter at point below brow band. Draw 
sufficient of this loop through to permit its being passed from rear to 
front under crown piece above brow band. Then pass the loop down 
between the halter and the shank; draw snug; take the end of the 
shank and pass it through the loop. (Figs. 40-41.) 

HOW TO TIE AN ANIMAL TO HIS LOAD. 

Sec. 55. Lead animal to load selected and take the end of the lash 
rope. Pass this end (or bight of it) into chin piece of halter from 
above, with left hand, and receive it in the right hand. Then with 
this end form a simple slipknot on the standing part and draw up 
snug. 

HOW TO LOAD A PACK TRAIN FOR THE DAy's MARCH IN THE MOST EXPE- 
DITIOUS MANNER. 

Sec 56. The following is the routine in the service of a pack train 
in preparation for the da3''s march : 

It is assumed that the train has been properly parked, the animals 
being on herd or at the picket line. 

First, the cook must be awakened one-half hour before the train- 
men. He folds his blankets, places them in front of the head rigging, 
and immediately proceeds to get breakfast. 

The moment the trainmen are awakened they must promptly arise 
and dress; then fold their blankets and canvas and place them in 
front of the rigging; the one first ready placing his blankets next in 
order after the cook's blankets; then so on with the other blankets 
until all are placed. 



126 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

(It may be noted that the pack blankets are used for sleeping pur- 
poses by the men of the pack train while in camp or bivouac.) 

The first two packers ready will remove the rigging covers (sec. 
71) and fold them, placing them lengthwise, in front of such aparejos 
as the cargador may direct. Other packers will assist as soon as 
ready. 

Commencing at head of rigging and working toward end, packers 
not engaged will place blankets on aparejos. ( Sec. 18) . Then two or 
three packers will step in rear of rigging and place blankets under 
coronas. 

Those packers not thus engaged remove the cargo covers (see sec. 
70), fold and place them in front of rigging as directed. In the 
meantime the herd guard has brought in the animals, if on herd, and 
the animals are tied up at the rigging. ( Sec. 53 ) . Packers then saddle 
their riding animals. 

Breakfast should now be ready. Each packer should endeavor to 
be first at breakfast and first to put on an aparejo after breakfast. 

PUTTING ON APAREJOS. 

Sec. 57. The animals are either at the rigging or at the picket line. 

If at rigging, remove the blind from the last animal and place it 
on the next to the last. Untie the last animal and lead him around in 
front of rigging until his number or design is reached. 

For convenience the packers should work in pairs. The mate 
assists in getting the animals up to the aparejo. 

^Vhile one packer is blinding the animal the other puts on the 
corona. After blinding the animal, first packer steps to off side to 
receive blanket and assist in adjusting it in place; or, if before the 
mate can get into position, he is quick enough to himself put the 
corona on, then his mate steps to " off " side to receive the blanket. 
One packer must not wait for the other to do what he can do first. 

The aparejo having been properly cinched on the animal, the halter 
shank is tied up (sec. 54), and the animal is led to the cargo and tied 
to the load assigned him (sec. 55). 

If animals are tied to picket line, to put the aparejos on, commence 
at end, untying the animals and leading them to their aparejos as 
before, and work toward the " bell." 

"Wlien " bell " animal is removed and tied, the blacksmith takes up 
picket line and places it on load indicated by cargador. 

Packers should not count how many aparejos they are putting on 
in excess of another set. The packmaster is taking notice and will 
give due credit. 

"When an animal is tied to his load, do not stand waiting for the 
mate to bring the next animal around to his rigging. Time is not 
to be wasted in such a manner. Move and assist him. 

PUTTING ON THE CARGO." 

Sec. 58. The mules, having received their aparejos, and having 
been tied to their respective loads, the packers begin at once to put 
on the loads. 

" For cargo, see Glossary. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 127 

Two sets of packers work at each end of cargo, working toward 
center. First ready, first choice of sides. Packers will soon learn 
which is the choice side. Do not unnecessarily move an animal 
around, causing loss of time. 

Blind the animal, the mate in the meantime putting on the sling 
rope. Pick up pack and place it in position on " on " side, mate 
putting up the " near " pack and tieing the sling. The " off " packer 
steps quickly around and grasps the end of lash rope. Swing it 
away back, as in so dding time is saved and labor with it. Get in 
position and wait for near packer to pass the loop of the rope over. 
Work quick and true, and above all things keep the mouth shut, for 
no packer has time to listen. 

xVs each mule is loaded he is turned loose. 

'\^'lien cargo is nearly loaded, or before, if opportunity offers, the 
packmaster will detail a packer to assist the cook to load, the kitchen 
mules being tied conveniently for the purpose. 

Before loading, but after the rigging is on, the packmaster causes 
the " bell " animal to be tied in some convenient place in as open 
ground as possible, so that the mules, as they are loaded and turned 
loose, will remain in the vicinity. 

The blacksmith will keep loaded animals from straying away, and 
the cook, when ready, will assist. Each keeps count of the animals 
as they are turned loose, prevents them from lying down or straying 
away, and reports any accidents at once to the packmaster. 

LEAVING THE PARK OR CAMP GROUND. 

Sec. 59. Loads being on, the packmaster calls out "Bell!" The 
cook, riding quickly, unties the " bell " animal and leads out in 
direction indicated by packmaster. 

Cargador and blacksmith count the animals as they string out, 
cargador reporting quickly if any are missing. 

Time allowed. — Twenty minutes for getting blankets and canvas 
and riding animals saddled, fifteen minutes for breakfast, twenty 
minutes for rigging, and twenty minutes for cargo. Total, one hour 
and fifteen minutes. It can be done in less time with a well-organized 
crew. 

3. DUTIES OF PACKERS ON THE MARCH. 

Sec. 60. In open country. — On leaving camp packers must string 
out so as to take in five packs, one packer riding opposite every fifth 
animal, and about 30 yards from near side of train, dust or conditions 
of country permitting. Each packer should not only watch the five 
packs in front, but also those in rear, as far back as his eyes can de- 
tect whether a pack is riding straight or not. Circumstances permit- 
ting, packers should ride in the order of mate following mate. 

Sec. 61. On had and narrow trails. — Packers must ride on trail one 
behind each fifth animal. If a pack needs attention, the packer in 
rear calls out to packer ahead, who will assist him in catching animal 
and straightening its load. 

While the two packers are thus engaged, those in rear ride forward 
and take their places in the train. 

When the two packers have straightened load and turned animal 
loose, they will immediately fall in, in places made vacant by those 
who have gone ahead. 



128 PACK TKANSPORTATION. 

Sec. 62. Vf and down a mountain. — In traveling up or down a 
mountain a packmaster should have one or two packers with him at 
the head of train. He will ride far enough in advance, when nature 
of country indicates danger, to enable him to station either one or 
both packers, as emergency requires, to keep animals in trail and 
guard against accidents. 

The same rules apply as in the case of bad or narrow trails, though 
when possible packers will work on side of train. 

Be especially vigilant in watching the condition of packs, giving 
prompt attention thereto when needed. 

Sec. 63. In crossing streams^ either fording or swimming.- — Packers 
must always be stationed on the downstream side and at the most 
dangerous points of crossing, keeping the animals well up and clear 
of obstacles that may endanger their footing. 

If ford is such that animals have to swim, packers should remain 
on lower side, likewise keeping animals well up and riding close up 
to the weakest swimmers. 

HOW TO CATCH A PACK ANIMAL WHEN HIS LOAD NEEDS ATTENTION. 

Sec. 64. A packer, noticing a pack that needs attention, will call 
out to his mate the name of the animal. Both packers will then ride 
far enough in advance of the pack animal to gain time to tie their 
riding animals before the pack animal comes up. 

Let one packer cross the trail and the other remain on the near side. 
They should keep far enough away from trail to keep therein any 
that show a disposition to break out. When the pack animal ap- 
proaches they will close in; one will stand squarely in front of the 
animal — never on the side — reach out and take him by the halter, and 
lead him out on near side of train. 

Blind the animal, loosen the lash rope, and straighten the load as 
-quickly as possible. Do not detain him a moment longer than is 
necessary. The animal knows how far he has to travel to catch up 
and work back to place in the train. Packers should bear this in 
mind. 

Eager to get back into place in the train, the animal will become un- 
manageable and be apt to throw his load. Should the animal break 
away before his load is straightened he is certain to throw it, and 
then, running through the train, dragging the lash rope after him, 
he will scare others in the train and perhaps cause other packs to 
fall off. 

The animal will stand a reasonable length of time, but no longer. 
The animal having once broken away, the " bell " animal has to be 
stopped, the animal caught, led back, and its load put on ; three pack- 
ers are needed, one to hold him, while the others put on the load. 

Certainly no good packer will cause such trouble and delay. 

Packers can not be termed first class if loads fall off while travel- 
ing; attention must constantly be given to animals and their packs. 

HOW TO TIGHTEN A LOAD AND INDICATE IT HAS BEEN TIGHTENED. 

Sec. 65. The " off " packer releases the " top " rope (fig. 40) and 
passes it over the animal's neck to near side ; loosens the " front " 
rope, drawing the slack toward him, and steps to center of aparejo. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 129 

The " near " packer steps to rear and pulls on " rear " rope so as 
to loosen it, then steps to center of aparejo and loosens the " mark- 
ing " rope (fig. 41) — that is, pulls from rear to front on rope at front 
corner of boot and draws it from under the standing rope (R, 
fig. 41). 

The " off " packer pulls on the running rope so as to slacken the 
tension at the cincha hook. 

The hitch is now loosened throughout. 

The '* near " j^acker adjusts the load in its proper place, and the 
two packers then begin and tighten the hitch, taking up slack as pre- 
scribed in paragraphs 4 to 8, section 31. 

To indicate that the load has been tightened, however, the follow- 
ing variation is made in the hitch : 

The " near " packer passes the bight of the running or marking 
rope under the standing rope, as usual (R, fig. 41), but does not bring 
it around front corner of boot. He allows the marking rope to drop 
down to center of boot ; then with the right hand he receives the slack 
as usual, in rear of cincha. The hitch is then finished as usual; or the 
top rope may be passed to rear of near pack in finishing the hitch; 
this latter method is preferred by some packmasters. 

HOW TO TEACH SADDLE ISIULES TO STAND. 

Sec. 66. For this purpose, when in bivouac and using a picket line, 
the riding mules should always be tied at the opposite end of the 
line from the bell horse; this rule should be followed when stables 
are provided. In preparation for the day's march after " saddling 
up," tie the animals as far away from the bell horse as opportunity 
offers. On the trail do not endeavor to be always near the " bell ; " 
and when necessary to catch a pack mule, when his load needs balanc- 
ing, tie the riding mule with the shank of the bridle rein, when other 
opportunities are not convenient, to either hind leg above the hock ; in 
doing so bring the mule's head well around so that should he endeavor 
to travel he will " mill," or travel in a circle. Should the animal get 
loose and endeavor to overtake the " bell," do not maltreat him when 
caught as he will become more difficult to catch on the next occasion ; 
instead, pet the animal— that is, treat him kindly. A crust of bread 
or a little sugar is a great aid to teach the mule to become attached 
to its rider. In time the animal will show a disposition to wait for 
its master, who, in tarn, should show appreciation by patting the 
animal's neck or other kind attention. Kindness will teach the riding 
mule to wait for its master or approach him when called for. 

SIGNAL CODE. 

Sec. 67. '^\Tien desiring to slacken gait of pack train the packmaster 
raises either hand above the shoulder, fingers extended. 

To increase the gait he raises the hat vertically. 

Requiring the assistance of two packers at head of train he waves 
the hat in front of him from side to side in such manner as to be 
distinctly seen. 

Requiring the assistance of all packers but one, driving in rear, at 
head of train he waves the hat in circular motion over his head. 

52436—08 9 ' 



130 PACK TEANSPORTATION. 

"When a halt is necessary he will extend both arms sideways; or, 
" bell " animal will be led to one side of trail and brought to a halt ; 
packers then ride quickly to head of train and give attention to packs, 
the packer in rear riding quickly forward keeping the animals Avell 
rounded up. 

4. HOW TO PARK (UNLOAD) A PACK TRAIN. 

OUTLINE OF DUTIES. 

Sec. 68. A packmaster in parking his train will give the highest 
ground to cargo; next to the cargo comes the rigging, and then the 
picket line. 

The camp is arranged so that the kitchen is near the cargo and 
convenient to water. The cargo is formed in a double line as de- 
scribed in section 50. 

The ground being selected for cargo, the cargador should place the 
first lash rope. Placing it in the middle of the ground selected its 
position indicates how the cargo should run. 

As the loads are removed by the packers the animals are turned 
loose, being kept in the vicinity by the herders. 

If the animals are to be at once tied to picket line, the latter is 
now stretched. The loads being removed, the animals are caught in 
succession and the aparejos taken off, as described in section 69. The 
aparejos are placed by the cargador, as described in section 51. 

If the animals are to be herded at once for grazing, they are then 
sent out under charge of the herd guard. Ordinarily two ]:)ackers 
are detailed daily on this duty. The cargador then has certain pack- 
ers detailed to assist in cleaning the coronas. (Sec. 73.) The cargo is 
covered as described in section TO; the rigging as in section 71. The 
picket line is stretched as in section 72. 

HOW PACK ANIMALS SHOULD BE LED TO CARGADOR, FOR CONVENIENCE 
IN TAKING OFF THE RIGGING. 

Sec. 69. Packers catch the animals, undo the halter shanks (see 
sec. 54) , and lead the animals in single file to the cargador, who re- 
moves all the aparejos and places them in the order desired. 

Just before reaching the cargador with an animal, the' packer 
uncinches the aparejo, and, removing any canvas which may be under 
the cincha, places it on the ground lengthwise, in front of an aparejo 
already in place. 

The aparejo being uncinched (sec. 42), the mule's halter shank is 
passed to the cargador, and the packer passes to rear of the animal. 

Each mule in turn is then brought to the cargador, those in rear 
closing up as the line of rigging advances. No packer should be per- 
mitted to lead in ahead of the animals in his front; he should close 
up and await his turn. 

If the animals are to be sent out on herd at once, the cargador, 
after removing an aparejo, imsnaps the mule's halter shank and turns 
him loose. Halter shank should never be thrown on ground in front 
of rigging, but on top or in rear of rigging. If not herded, the mules 
are tied at once to the picket line. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 131 

HOAV TO COVER CARGO AND TIE DOWN. 

Sec. to. Before placing covers on cargo, coil up ends of lash ropes, 
and place the coils on top of their respective loads. (Sec. 50.) The 
ropes of the two packs at each end, however, should be left entirely 
uncoiled, the load resting merely on the lash rope cincha. These 
ropes are used for securing the covers on top of the cargo. 

Unfold the covers (see sec. 76) and bring them lengthwise over 
cargo, lapping them over one another, and allowing ends of covers to 
come over ends of cargo, down to the ground. In doing this, notice 
the direction of wind, and lap covers so that end ma}' not be raised 
by the Avind. 

In covering cargo four packers are needed, in order to Avork to the 
best advantage. Two work at each end, facing one another on op- 
posite sides of the cargo. Each coils one of the corner lash ropes, 
and passes or throws the same down along the center of the cargo, 
lengthwise; working from ends toward center; each pair of packers 
Avill then exchange ropes, pass them into cincha hooks at the sides 
and bottom of the cargo, and repeat until center is reached. Then 
secure the ropes at the top, or at the last hook, as the length of the 
rope determines. The ropes thus form a lacing over the cargo. 

HOW TO COVER RIGGING AND TIE DOWN. 

Sec. 71. Two packers at each end of rigging, working toward cen- 
ter, unfold covers (sec. 75) and place them lengthwise along the line 
of rigging, their edges lapping over one another. 

For securing covers in place sling or lair ropes are used when the 
animals are tied to picket line, halter shanks when the animals are 
on herd. 

In the first case, take a sling or lair rope and pass an end of it from 
rear to front under the last aparejo on the line. This may readily 
be done by "whipping" the rope over and under the aparejo. 

Then on to]) of the aparejo fasten the end by a slipknot to the 
running part of the rope and draw snug, so that the knot will be at 
the collar of the aparejo. 

Proceeding to the third aparejo, pass the other end of the rope 
under it from rear to front as before; then bring the end up and, 
passing it under and over the standing part, draw taut, so that the 
intersection of the ropes will be at the collar of the aparejo. Take a 
similar turn of the rope around the sixth aparejo, and so on. 

Lengthen the rope as needed by additional lair or sling ropes. 

One rigging cover extends over ten aparejos. At every tenth 
aparejo the rope must consequently be made fast, so as to catch the 
covers where they lap. Thus the rope is made fast at the third, sixth, 
tenth, thirteenth, etc., aparejo. (Fig. 66.) 

In the second case, when the animals are on herd the covers are 
secured b}^ means of halter shanks. Pass the snap end under the 
aparejo from rear to front and tie the ends together by a square knot 
at the collar. As in the first instance " whip " the shank to more 
readih" get it over and under the aparejo. 

HOW TO STRETCH A PICKET LINE. 

Sec. 72. For securing the ends of picket line, if other conveniences 
are not available, sink what is termed a " dead man " for each end 
and, if necessary, one also at the middle. 



132 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

To do this cut two or three pieces of wood about 18 inches long. 
At the ends and middle of the picket line dig holes about 18 inches* 
long, 12 inches wide, and 18 inches deep, or as deep as the nature of 
the ground may require, the length of the holes being perpendicular 
to the direction of the picket line. 

For each " dead man " take a sling rope, tie its ends together, and 
give a single twist on rope and bring the loop ends together; this 
causes the folds to lie evenly. Twist again and bring the loop ends 
together as before. 

Now hold the folds of rope in the left hand at opposite point, or 
part where ends of rope had been tied; at opposite part grasp the 
folds with the right hand and bring the folds to the middle finger of 
the left hand and receive them. 

Now introduce the " dead man " through the folds of rope made by 
this formation, and allow the folds of rope held in the palm of the 
left hand to fall over the folds of rope held by the middle finger, and 
draw taut on " dead man," and the " dead man " is thus caught in a 
slipknot. 

Place the " dead man " in the hole dug for it, and keeping the end 
of the sling rope out, fill the hole and tamp. 

The picket line is then stretched by being attached to these sling 
ropes. 

As facilitating the tightening of the rope, the following is a con- 
venient method of stretching the picket line : 

If the picket line consists of a single rope, fasten one end to the 
sling rope of one of the " dead men ; " bring the other end through the 
loop at the center " dead man." About 10 or 15 feet from this end 
form a bowline knot on the rope ; then pass the end through the loop 
of the sling rope at the last " dead man ; " bring it back and pass it 
through the loop of the bowline. 

By drawing on the end all slack is now readily taken in, and the 
end is then secured. 

If the picket line consists of two ropes, fasten each to one of the 
extreme " dead men ; " take an end of one, pass it through the loop at 
center " dead man," and form a bowline knot in the end. Then pass 
the free end of the other rope through the loop of this bowline, draw 
taut, and secure as before. 

Obviously the same method may be employed when the ends of the 
picket line are attached to other forms of holdfasts than the one here 
considered. 

HOW TO CLEAN CORONAS. 

Sec. 73. For this purpose a table knife is ordinarily employed, and 
for convenience a provision is supplied on selected aparejo. This is 
done by cutting a slit between the two inside lines of stitching on the 
" near " side of " front " facing, just wide enough to permit the blade 
of knife to pass downwardly ; the handle of knife will hold it in posi- 
tion. Two or more knives may thus be provided for cleaning pur- 
poses. 

Immediately after the aparejos have been taken off the packmaster 
or cargador details certain packers to assist in cleaning coronas. 

Commencing at each end, spread corona, canvas side up, and allow 
it to fall on either side of aparejo, and with Imife clean the canvas 
thoroughly. Before cleaning corona place corona on top of aparejo 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 183 

adjoining, and clean the canvas and dock of crupper thoroughly; then 
replace corona and proceed and clean, as explained. 

Should the corona be wet, leave the canvas side exposed to dry ; in 
due time fold coronas, cover, and tie down. (See sec. 71.) 

HOW TO FOLD PACK COVERS. 

Sec. 74. The operation of folding a pack cover is similar to that 
provided for the folding of a pack blanket, with this exception, that 
the pack cover is square. ( Sec. 17. ) 

HOW TO FOLD RIGGING COVERS. 

Sec. 75. For this purpose two packers are ordinarily employed; 
each packer takes hold of one end at corners, folds and brings the 
corners together, and holds corners with one hand; the packer at 
one end holds tlie corners with tlie right hand, while packer at oppo- 
site end holds corners with the left liand. 

Now, with the free hand, eacli packer takes hold of the folded 
corner, and bracing from each other they draw taut on cover, to cause 
the folds to lay evenly. Then one packer lays his end on the ground, 
while his mate gives a quick swing backward, so as to cause the oppo- 
site end to come quickly tow^ard him, and places end on top of oppo- 
site end. 

Now fold one end to near center of its length, and fold opposite 
end on top of fold thus formed ; or each end may be brought together 
and folded as may be determined. 

HOW TO FOLD CARGO COVERS. 

Sec. 76. For this purpose two packers are employed; each packer 
takes hold of one corner on the same side of cover and folds within 
the last section or strip; now fold this odd section or strip on top of 
fold already formed, then fold once more and draw taut. Now fold 
one end to near center of its length, and fold opposite end on top of 
fold thus formed, or as conditions may require. 

HOW TO FOLD FEED COVERS. 

Sec. 77. The operation of folding feed covers is entirely simihir to 
that prescribed for rigging covers. 

In preparation for the day's march, pack, rigging, cargo, and feed 
covers so folded are placed lengthwise in front of rigging selected. 

In the operation all canvas should be well shaken in order that dust 
and other matter mav fall tlierefrom. 



CHAPTER V. 

MARCHES AND LOADS. 
1. AVUAT MAY BE REQUIRED OF THE PACK MULE. 

Sec. 78. Under ordinary conditions, the pack mule carrjdng a load 
of 250 pounds will travel from 20 to 25 miles per day, and maintain 
a rate of speed of 4 J to 5 miles per hour. 

With occasional days of rest he may be expected to perform this 
amount of work steadily; and this, too, without the aid of grain or 
hay. 

It must be remembered, however, that except on extraordinary 
occasions pack mules should never be tied to a picket line, but should 
be herded as much as possible. In bivouac they should be taken to 
graze at night as well as day, packers being detailed as herd guard. 

The " bell " horse being hobbled or picketed in the vicinity, there is 
no danger of the mules stampeding, as they will not leave the " bell." 

If allowed to graze, mules will always keep in average condition, 
and on nutritious grasses will stand a twelve month's campaign and 
keep fat. 

Sec. 79. Mountainous country. — In rough and mountainous coun- 
try, the pack mule will carry the same load (250 pounds), and travel 
from 10 to 15 miles per day. He should not, however, be forced 
when traveling up or down a mountain, unless the occasion is very 
urgent. Uphill work is hard on man and beast. 

Sec. 80. Forced marches. — In forced marches the pack animals 
should not be loaded in excess of 200 pounds. 

If traveling with cavalry, the pack mule may not be able to spurt 
off at a 10-mile gait, but he will be pushing the horse before ;^0 miles 
are covered, and he has the horse at his mercy in a march of 75 to 100 
miles in twent3^-four hours. 

The following instances, out of a great many, may be briefly men- 
tioned : 

In the campaign of 1881, under Colonel Buell, Fifteenth Infantry, 
against Chiefs Victoria and Nana, of the Warm Spring tribe of 
Apaches, a company of Indian scouts and one pack train made a 
march of 85 miles in twelve hours, loaded 200 pounds to the pack 
animal. 

Later, in pursuing Indians of the same tribe, a company of Indian 
scouts and one pack train marched from old Fort Cummings to Fort 
Seldon, on the Rio Grande, about 60 miles, from sunrise to sunset ; then 
went by rail to Fort Craig, N. Mex., loaded 250 pounds to the mule ; 
marched across the valley, some 30 miles, to the San Mateo Range; 
struck the trail of Chief Nana and party; and. without making an 
all-night's camp, followed the hostiles into old Mexico, south of the 
Hatchet Mountains. 

This was a running fight the entire way. A distance of about 300 
miles was covered in about four clays. 

During the " Loco " outbreak from San Carlos Agency, Ariz., in 
1882, one company of scouts and one pack train, loaded 200 pounds 
to the mule, made a forced march of 280 miles in three days. 
134 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



185 



During the Garza campaign on the Rio Grande frontier, in Texas, 
in 1801 and 1892, a troop of the Third Cavalry and a part of one 
•pack train marched 108 miles in sixteen hours ; the mules were loaded 
250 pounds to the mule. 

In the same campaign anotlier troop, with part of a pack train, 
marched 104 miles in a night and part of the following day. 

In another instance, in the same campaign, a pack train made 90 
miles in less than twenty-four hours, the animals carrying loads of 
250 pounds. After such marches the mules were given twelve to 
twenty-four hours' rest to regain their normal condition. 

It should be remembered that i^ack animals should be kept in con- 
dition by constant exercise, for if fat such marches will quickly kill 
them. 

2. GAITS. 

Sec. 81. A^Hien moving at a slow rate of speed the walk is the ordi- 
nary gait of the pack mule. 

As the rate of travel is increased, however, a trained pack mule, 
instead of quickening the walk, falls into an amble or *' fox '* trot. 
This is for the reason that an extended walk or a " jogging " trot 
would transmit motion to the load, which would greatly inconveni- 
ence the animal. He has, accordingly, learned to acquire the gait 
which enables him to move to the best advantage without rocking his 
load.® At this ambling gait he is able to cover from 5 to 6 miles an 
hour without undue fatigue. 

Sec. 82. 

3. Tabic showing loads and rates of travel considered practieable for a well- 
organized and seasoned pack train. ■ 



Weight of load. 



Two hundred pounds 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Two hundred and fifty pounds. . 

Do :-■ 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Three hundred pounds 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Three hundred and fifty pounds 
Four hundred pounds 



Maximum 
rate of 

travel per 
hour. 



Number of 


Number of 
days foii- 


miles per 
day. 


tinuous 
travel. 


2^ 


7 


40 


10 


50 


7 


100 


3 


25 


365 


25 


3 


40 


7 


100 


1 


50 


5 


25 


30 


20 


60 


100 


2 


50 


10 


25 


60 


20 


90 


75 


1 


50 


7 


25 


30 


20 


60 


20 


30 


15 


30 



" To acquire this ambling gait a young pack train should be taught to travel 5 miles an 
hour and under no circumstances should mules be allowed to straggle out, i. e., keep them 
in close order, one mule following the trail or step of the other. After a few pi-actice 
marches they readily acquire this ambling gait. Occasionally one or two mules in a train 
seem to have difBculty in acquiring this ambling gait. Do not overload such animal in the 
endeavor to teach him ; instead place the cincha sufficiently forward on the aparejo so 
that the elbow will rub against the cincha during travel ; as soon as the elbow becomes 
sore the mule, to escape the cincha, will take short and quick steps in order to keep his 
place in line and thus readily leams this ambling gait. Do not continue the forward use of 
the cinch* longer than necessary. ' 



136 PACK TRANSPOETATION. 

4. THE ENDURANCE OF THE PACK MULE UNDER PROPER 

CONDITIONS. 

Sec. 83. As a prerequisite he must not be less than 13^ and not 
over 15 hands high, of blocky build, weighing not less than 850 and 
not over 1,200 pounds, sound in body and limbs, age from 3 to 7. 

Head well formed and intelligent looking, broad between the eyes; 
eyes clear, large, and full; ears flexible; teeth and tongue free from 
blemishes; neck full and inclined to arch; withers low and broad; 
back short and straight; belly large and deep; dock low and stiff; 
legs straight, standing well apart at front and rear, the former indi- 
cating good lung power, the latter full in buttocks; the hoofs sound, 
broad, and full. 

The mule should have a pack saddle that will protect the body 
from all manner of loading — that is, capable of being adjusted so as 
to support heavy loading when necessary without injury to the 
withers and with a proper bearing surface on either side of the 
animal's backbone. For such a purpose there is no form of pack 
saddle that has ever been devised comparable to the aparejo. 

As an instance of the adaptability of the aparejo to carry heavj'^ 
and unwield}^ loading, reference to fig. 67 will show what can be 
accomplished by the aid of the aparejo and expert packer. This cage 
mount of naval rapid-fire gun, weighing 540 pounds, was taken from 
the gunboat Quiros (Captain Walker, U. S. Navy) and carried 3 
miles inland, island of Jolo, P. I., and back again on the same mule 
by order of Col. H. L. Scott. 

To accomplish this feat Assistant Chief Packer Mora E. Smith 
made a wooden frame to fit over the aparejo as a base on which to 
rest the cage and lashed the frame to the aparejo. The cage was 
then lifted onto the mule and secured with lash rope. Such a feat 
could not be accomplished by the use of the crosstree or Moore pack 
saddle. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



137 




Fig. 67. 



CHAPTER VI. 

C. Organization. 
Sec. 84. 1. USUAL ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT OF A PACK TRAIN.' 

Men : One pack master, 1 cargador, 1 blacksmith, 1 cook, 10 packers. 

Animals: One horse, bell; 50 mules, pack; 14 mules, riding. 

Equipment: Fifty aparejos, proper; 65 head halters and shanks; 
50 blankets, pack; 50 lash ropes, with cincha; 100 lair ropes; 100 
pack covers; 5 rigging covers; 5 cargo covers; 5 feed covers; 14 
blinds ; 14 saddles ; 14 bridles ; 14 blankets, saddle ; 14 clothes, or war 
bags; 1 bell (sheep) with strap; 1 hobbles, pair; 2 mess or kitchen 
boxes; 1 field stove, with kit; 1 package matches; 1 pack train mess 
kit; 1 wall tent, with jointed poles; 1 tool sack; 10 grass or hay pads; 
1 cargador's box ; 1 cargador's kit ; 1 blacksmith's kit ; 2 blacksmith's 
boxes; 200 mule shoes, Nos. 1 and 2 (fitted) ; 8 horseshoes (fitted) ; 
1 box horseshoe nails, No. 6 ; 1 ax ; 1 spade ; 1 pick ; 10 currycombs ; 
1 horse brush ; 100 feet picket line, | inch ; 200 shipping tags, linen. 

Sec. 85. 

2l Table showing size and quantity of rope and canvas required for one pack 

train. 

ROPE. 



Article. 



Made of- 



T „ (.^ Number 

Length, required. 



Lash rope ' One-half inch 

Sling rope ; Three-eighths inch. 

Lair rope j do 



Feet. 



50 

50 

100 



Total 
feet. 



2, 500 
1,500 
3,000 



Note — The size of the above rope is measured by the diameter. 

A coil of half-inch best hand-laid manila contains 1,200 feet, weighs 85 pounds, and will 
furnish 24 lash ropes. (Sec. 9.) . . , „^„ ^ ^ ■ x ,.^ 

A coil of three-eighth-inch best hand-laid manila contains 1,200 feet, weighs 55 pounds, 
and will furnish 40 sling or lair ropos. (Sec. 9.) 

CANVAS. 



Article. 


Made of— 


Length. 


Number 
required. 


Total 
yards. 




72-inch No. 4 cotton duck 


Feet. 

6 

24 

12 

24 


100 
5 
5 
5 


200 




22-inch No. 1 cotton duck 


80 




28-inch No. 10 cotton duck 


100 


Feed covers 




40 







Note — A roll of 72-inch No. 4 cotton duck, containing 100 yards, weighs 3061 pounds, 
or 3.0676 pounds per linear yard, and will furnish 50 pack covers or mantas. (Sec. 9o.) 

A roll of 22-inch No. 1 cotton duck, containing 100 yards, weighs 112i pounds, or 1.12o 
pounds per linear yard, and will furnish 5 cargo covers. (Sec. 97.) 

A roll of 44-inch No. 10 cotton duck, containing 100 yards, weighs 1121 pounds, or 1.2o 
pounds per linear yard, and will furnish 5 cargo covers. (Sec. 97.> 

A roll of 44-inch No. 10 cotton duck, containing 100 yards, weighs 112i pounds, or 1.125 
pounds per linear yard, and will furnish 12 feed covers. (Sec. 98.) 

138 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 139 

3. ARTICLES OF EQUIPMENT IN USE IN PACK TRAINS. 

The followinp^ articles are ordinarily comprised in the equipment 
of a pack train for the field : 

MESS, OR KITCHEN BOXES. 

Sec. 86. Made of seven-eighths inch white pine. 26 inches long, 18 
inches wide, and 11 inches high, outside measurements; dovetailed; 
no lid or cover. 

packer's riEI.D STOVE, WITH KIT. 

Sec. 87. The stove is made of sheet iron. 

The kit comprises 2 square nests of kettles: 2 frying pans with 
short handles; 1 bread pan; 1 coffee mill (box): 1 butcher knife; 
1 steel ; 1 package of matches. 

COOKING OUTFIT, WITHOUT STOVE. 

Sec. 88. This comprises 3 camp kettles, telescoping; 1 Dutch oven, 
with lid; 2 frying pans, short handles: 1 bread pan; 1 coffee mill 
(box) ; 1 butcher knife: 1 steel; 2 mess pans. 

XoTE. — A small buzzacot may be used to replace the Dutch oven. 

PACK TRAIN MESS KIT. 

Sec. 89. To each packer 1 coffee cup, without handle; 1 pie plate: 
1 knife; 1 fork, and 1 tablespoon. 

CLOTHES, OR WAR, BAGS. 

Sec. 90. These bags are ordinarily made by the packers, as follows: 

Take a piece of 22-inch No. 1 cotton duck 30 inches long, double it 
across the shorter edges; lap the long edges over one another 1 inch 
and sew them together with a flat seam. 

Now, to the edges at one end attach a round piece 11 inches in 
diameter, as a bottom for the bag; the edges are lapped 1 inch and 
sewed with a flat seam. 

Turn the bag inside out and sew down the edges along the side 
and at the bottom. 

As a flap for the bag, take a piece of duck 12 inches long and 3 
inches wider than the bag when flattened out. Cut one of the shorter 
edges in semicircular shape and hem this edge. Attach the straight 
edge to the upper edge of the bag, lapping 1 inch. Then for secur- 
ing the flap over the bag, fasten a lace string at the center of the 
semicircular edge of the flap and attach a corresponding loop 6 inches 
from the bottom of the bag. 

packer's WARDROBE. 

Sec. 91. Packers are ordinarily permitted to carry 3 changes of 
underclothing; 3 overshirts; 6 pairs of socks, wool preferred ; 2 over- 
alls; 1 canvas coat; 1 overcoat; 1 slicker, or rain coat; 1 extra pair 
of boots or shoes; 1 pair of overshoes, and, if requested, 1 suit for 
ordinary civilian wear. , 



140 pack transpoktation. 

packer's wall tent. 



Sec. 92. The tent is a wall tent, regulation size. For convenience 
the upright poles are cut diagonally in two at the center; length of 
cut, 4 inches. For use the two parts of an upright are united by a 
collar or sleeve. This is made of stiff tin or iron, shaped to the pole 
and riveted to the lower joint, so that it will fit well over the diagonal 
cut. 

The ridge pole is hinged on the flat side at the center of its length. 
The hinge is screwed on and the pole is then sawed in two at the 
center. 

TOOL SACKS. 

Sec. 93. Same as clothes, or war bags, but instead of a flap at 
open end, use a double lace string, and secure as in drawing or 
closing up a tobacco sack. The sack is used for extra lace strings 
and for currycombs and brush. 

GRASS OR HAY PADS. 

Sec 94. Take a piece of 28-inch No. 10 cotton duck, 7 feet long: 
double across the long edges and sew the edges together all around 
with a flat seam. Cut a slit 10 inches long in center of one side and 
bind the edges of the slit all around with sheepskin. Attach a string 
for lacing. 

These pads are used for carrying extra grass or hay, for readjust- 
ing the filling of the aparejos. 

PACK COVERS. 

Sec. 95. Made of 72-inch No. 4 cottom duck ; cut 6 feet long ; allow 
1 inch at either end for hemming, to be sewed down with No. " " 
canvas twine, four stitches to the inch. 

RIGGING COVERS. 

Sec. 96. Made of 22-inch No. 1 cotton duck; cut two lengths 24 
feet long, to be sewed with rolling stitch, Avith No. " " canvas twine, 
four stitches to the inch. 

cargo COVERS. 

Sec. 97. Made of 28-inch No. 10 cotton duck; cut five widths 12 
feet long; lapped on border line and hemmed at ends; to be sewed 
down with flat seam with No. " " canvas twine, four stitches to the 
inch. 

PEED COVERS. 

Sec. 98. Made of 44-inch No. 10 cotton duck; to be 24 feet long, 
hemmed at ends; to be sewed down with No. " " canvas twine, four 
stitches to the inch. 

cargador's box. 

Sec. 99. This is made, preferably of leather, 18 inches long, 9 inches 
wide, and 6 inches high, with lid. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 141 

It is reenforced on the inside by iron bands, 1 inch wide and one- 
eighth inch thick, riveted around tlie edges at top and bottom. Half 
of the upper iron band is left exposed above the edges of the box, 
serving as a support for the lid, when in place. 

Thimbles for tools are sewed to the sides of the box on the inside. 
A slide handle of leather may be attached to the lid. 

For a hinge, take a piece of leather the length of the box and about 
2 inches wide, and sew it to the back of the lid and the back of the 
box. 

For fastening, a strap may be used across each end, provided with 
buckle and held in place by means of leather keepers, and an attach- 
ment jDrovided for a small Yale or other lock. 

cargador's kit. 

Sec. 100. To consist of 1 half-round knife; 1 gauge knife; 1 rivet- 
ing hammer; 1 rivet cutter; 1 rivet set; 1 spring punch; 3 hand 
punches, size f, :}, and :^ inch; 1 edge tool; 3 awl handles; 12 awl 
blades or points, assorted sizes; 2 papers saddler's needles, Nos. 2 and 
4; G sailmaker's needles, assorted sizes; 1 palm; 1 ball of sailing twine. 
No. "0;" 6 balls of shoe thread, " Barbours " No. 10; one-fourth 
pound beeswax; one-fourth pound black wax; 12 halter rings, regu- 
lation size; 12 halter snaps, "trigger," size 1^ inches; 12 common 
japanned buckles, size 1^ inches; 1 side of latigo leather; 1 side of 
bridle leather, " fair; " 1 oilstone, " small; " 1 tailor's shears, 6-inch 
blade. 

The leather is carried on one of the aparejos, between the aparejo 
and the aparejo cover. 

Note. — One stitching horse, when stationed at post. 

blacksmith's boxes. 

Sec. 101. Made of seven-eighths inch white pine, 24 inches long, 12 
inches wide, and inches high, outside measurements; to be dove- 
tailed ; inside tin lined ; no lid or cover. 

blacksmith's kit. 

Sec. 102. To consist of 2 horseshoe knives, blades 3_1- inches; 2 
rasps, length 16 inches; 1 shoeing hammer; 1 hand hammer; 1 prit- 
chel ; 1 pincers; 1 clinch cutter; 1 clinch iron; 1 packer's field anvil. 

To make the field anvil, take a piece of flat iron about 18 inches 
long, 3 inches wide, and one-half inch thick; shape this into a triangle 
about 5 inches on the side and weld together. 

4. HOW TO OllGANIZK A PACK TRAIN. 

Sec. 103. As an aid to more readily teach the animals in their 
duties a corral should be provided in which to arrange the rigging 
and cargo and to keep them off the ground. Procure some two by 
fours; space them 18 inches apart and hold them by crosspieces. on 
which to place the aparejos; for the cargo procure some boards to 
rest on the two by fours and form a platform 8 by 65 feet (it is not 
expected to provide these conditions in the field). Now, to teach 



142 PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 

the animals to come to rigging and prevent crowding and pushing 
the aparejos out of position drive five stal^es in rear of the rigging 
and connect them by two by fours or suitable poles placed on top of 
the stakes and nail down; the height of stakes should not exceed 
6 inches above the rigging. Next cover the rigging, tie down and 
spread the " feed coA^ers " thereon. Along the line of covers pour 
sufficient grain to encourage the animals to approach the rigging in 
rear of the line of stakes or guard rail ; for this purpose the gateway 
to enter the corral should be placed facing the line and end of the 
rigging, the first aparejo placed being considered the head, the last 
in line the end of rigging. 

Before the train is brought into corral to " line up " the packmaster 
and cargador should take position in front of the rigging to prevent 
the animals jumping over the guard rail. Six packers take station 
in rear of the guard rail facing the line of approaching animals, 
while one packer leads the '' bell " horse, and the other packers remain 
on the outside of corral to keep the animals together. 

The bell horse is tied to guard rail with halter shank at end of rig- 
ging, the j)acker taking station in rear of the animal and causing 
the other animals as they approach to fall in on the flank of the 
bell horse, the packers in rear of the guard rail causing the animals 
to fall in line in the flank of each animal following. As the line 
fills up the packers in rear of guard rail take station behind the ani- 
mals until all are lined up. The packmaster and cargador with the 
assistance of the packers that were guarding the mules on the outside 
of corral assist in tieing the animals to guard rail; this should be 
done as promptly as possible, and under no circumstances should 
the animals be permitted to leave their positions first taken. While 
the animals are tied up at rigging, care should be exercised to prevent 
their wasting the grain and kicking each other. A small switch or 
aparejo stick in the hands of each packer will cause the animals to 
give attention — -this should be used for correction, not for abuse," 
which must not be permitted under any circumstances, remembering 
the more abuse the animal is given the more unruly or ugly it 
becomes, until it is classed as an outlaw; the animal is dumb — the 
packer is presumed to be intelligent and human. 

In due time '' turn loose," that is, unsnap the halter shank from 
halter. For this purpose always commence with the bell horse and 
then successively each animal in turn until all are freed; lead the 
" bell " toward opposite end of corral and cause each animal to fol- 
low the " bell " as turned loose. Packers should now go among them 
and approach as many as will permit, stroke the animals on the neck 
and back and call them by given name; animals like to be petted. 
The results will be astonishing in the short time in which a train of 
gentle mules can be loaded for the day's march. 

A young train should be accustomed to line up at rigging twice per 
day at regular intervals, on each occasion placing a little grain on 
the feed cover, as they soon become accustomed to look forward in 
patient expectation for the morning and evening meal. 

In due time as they learn to line up properly, the feeding at the 
rigging should be discontinued. 



" Care should be taken to have the animals come quietly to the rigging ; they 
should never be hurried unless the occasion is urgent. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 143 

During the process of teaching the animals to line up at rigging. 
they should be loaded and taken out of camp a distance of 2 or 3 
miles and the pack master should then round up the train and note 
the condition and fit of each aparejo in memorandum book, correct- 
ing those needing immediate attention; continue this practice each 
da}' until each aparejo is properly fitted and adjusted, when longer 
marches should be taken, to get the animals in good muscular condi- 
tion and harden their backs. 

After a period of four weeks practice marches should be reduced 
to four times each week, one day to the practice of lairing-up side 
packs, the last day of the week, Saturday, to cleaning up the rigging 
and other duties. 

From four to six weeks, as noted above, should get the train in 
service for active duty. 

Chapter IV, " B. Instruction in the service of a pack train," 
should be thoroughly understood and complied with; also Chapter 
VI, " Duties of individuals." 

To maintain an organization and efficiency both men and animals 
must be taught their duties, and regular practice marches be had, 
together with stated inspections of both men and animals and equip- 
ments. 

As pack trains are organized on the basis of one pack master, one 
cargaclor, one blacksmith, one cook, and one packer to every five 
pack mules in the train, it sometimes becomes necessary to divide the 
train into " sections " when traveling with a command of cavalry. 

For this purpose ten pack mules are usually assigned to a " troop " 
with their proper complement of equipment. The pack master will 
see to it that the necessary cargador tools, mule shoes, nails, etc., are 
supplied, and packers will mess with the troop to which assigned. 

The pack master should therefore school the packers in the require- 
ments exacted of the " skilled " packer (section 105). 

In case of the distribution of the five sections of the train the 
pack master will retain the bell horse, blacksmith, and cook with the 
first section, and will be considered headquarters of the pack train. 
The cargador will be assigned with the fifth section, or the one far- 
thest awa}^ from the first or headquarter section of the train. It 
must then be the dut}^ of the pack master and cargador to visit the 
intermediate sections, at stated or suitable intervals, to overlook the 
condition of the animals and equipments so as to maintain efficiency. 

It should be remembered by commanding officers that pack mules 
(sections) should be reassembled as early as possible to maintain 
organization. • 

5. THE ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS IN THE SELECTION OF THE PACKER. 

Sec. 104. He must know how to read and write; be sound in body, 
of athletic build, and not addicted to the excessive use of intoxicants 
or display of bad or ugly temper, and thoroughly imbued with an 
" esprit de corps " for the pack service. 

Age, from 21 to 35 years. Height, from 5 feet 7 inches to 6 feet 2 
inches. Weight, from 1G5 to 210 pounds. Honorably discharged 
soldiers will be given the preference. 



144 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

THE SKILLED PACKER. 

Sec. 105. Ordinarily one versed in the usages and customs of pack- 
train service. 

As instancing the requirements necessary for the proper discharge 
of his duties, the following may be enumerated : 

He must understand — 

(1) The principles of "ribbing up" the aparejo, to keep the 
animal's back sound. 

(2) The relative toughness in different classes of wood suitable for 
the "ribbing" of aparejos. 

(3) The gradual tapering to give "ribs" necessary for conforma- 
tion to the body of the mule. 

(4) How to select grasses (hay) suitable for filling or padding for 
aparejos. 

(5) Where and how much filling is necessary in the aparejo to 
give perfect conformation to the body of the animal, and the relative 
thickness necessary for the holding up of different weighty loads 
bearing on the proper surface on either side of the backbone and 
withers. 

(6) The cause of " bunches," or wounds, on any part of the animal's 
body covered by the aparejo and cincha, and the proper adjustment 
to correct the same. (See Evolution of the aparejo, and sec. 7.) 

(7) The cause for the animal's "dock" becoming sore, and the 
proper remedy to correct the same. (See sec. 7.) 

(8) How to lace, fit, and cinch the aparejo to the mule, with due 
regard to the proper size of aparejo necessary. 

(9) How many sections, giving the proper name, in the make of 
the aparejo, what comprises the aparejo proper, and the aparejo com- 
plete, and how to make repairs to rigging (aparejos) and sew on 
canvas. 

(10) The conformation of the hoofs and how the animal should 
be properly shod for warm and cold seasons. 

(11) How to select "pack" and riding animals, with due regard 
to endurance, strength, and docile qualities. 

(12) What remedies to apply in case of cutting of blood vessels. 

(13) What remedies to apply in case of snake bite and how to 
prepare the M^ound for same. 

(14) How to prepare, "form," and cover cargo, and tie down 
properly. 

(15) How to arrange aparejos in an orderly manner, cover and 
tie down when in bivouac, as the nature of the ground will permit. 

(16) All hitches, knots, and splices customary in pack-train service. 

(17) How to construct a travois to carry wounded, and how to 
improvise a stretcher for similar purpose. 

(18) How to put on a load in the most expeditious and satisfactory 
manner, requiring not over one minute for ordinary loading. 

(19) How to catch a pack mule when his load needs attention. 

(20) How to quickly readjust a load in less than one minute. 
(Experience will teach by sight and sense of touch how load is 
riding.) 

(21) ^Vhen traveling up or down a mountain how to cut or take 
as many turns as necessary to conserve the strength of the animals. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 145 

(22) How to guard against accidents Avhen crossing a stream, either 
fording or swimming. 

(23) He must be attentive to animals and loads, that none of the 
latter may fall off, impeding the progress of the train. 

(24) Be quick to note Aveakness in animals during travel and re- 
lieve the same. 

(25) Be quick to note conditions of country that may endanger 
the life of the animal and guard against accidents. 

(26) Be watchful, both day and night, during travel that none may 
go astray. 

(27) Be kind in his treatment of animals. 

(28) Have a knowledge of the component parts of a ration and 
the allowance for thirty days; also the allowance of grain, hay, and 
bedding for horse and mule. 

(29) Have a fair knowledge of cookery, especially the art of mak- 
ing good bread. 

(30) Be prompt to obey all proper orders emanating from the 
pack master or other proper authority. 

(31) Always be ready for duty in all conditions of country and 
clime. 

(32) Be honest and honorable in all his dealings with his fellow- 
men. 

THE NOVICE, OR UNSKILLED PACKER. 

Sec. 106. One not versed in the usages and customs of the pack- 
train service, but otherwise qualified as called for in section 104. 

INSTRUCTIONS TO PACK MASTERS. 

Sec. 107. It should be the ambition of pack masters to keep the ani- 
mals sound, equipments in good order, and maintain efficiency and 
discipline in the train. 

Attend personally to the proper watering of the animals when in 
bivouac and during travel when opportunity offers. 

Obey all orders promptly coming from proper authority. In like 
manner exact prompt obedience from members of the train and main- 
tain perfect organization by schooling of men and animals in their 
duties. 

7. DUTIES OF INDIVIDUALS. 

Sec. 108. The chief packer. — He will— 

(1) At post, whereat stationed, report every morning to the quar- 
termaster for instructions, unless otherwise instructed. 

(2) On expeditions, report every evening to the quartermaster or 
commanding officer for instructions, unless otherwise instructed. 

(3) When practicable, equip all pack trains, giving receipt therefor 
to quartermaster, and in like manner obtain receipts from pack 
masters; supervise the distribution of cargo according to the number 
of pack animals in each train and the strength thereof. 

(4) Keep a roster of names of packers of each pack train, and posi- 
tions occupied, when employed, when discharged, with cause therefor; 
their height, age. color of hair and eyes, weight ; how long they have 
served and in what capacity, giving names of pack masters they have 
served under, and how long and in what States, Territories, or foreign 
possessions. 

52436—08 10 ' 



14C) PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

(5) Keep a descriptive list of public animals of each train, giving 
age, sex, color, height, marks and blemishes, and weight, as near as 
can be judged Avhen scales are not convenient. 

(6) When practicable select pack masters that are eligible, having 
due regard to length of service, experience, and the proper requisites 
in the control of men; and cargadors upon the recommendation 
of pack masters. 

(7) In the employment of men as packers, give preference to 
honorably discharged soldiers filling the necessary requisites. (Sec. 
104.) 

(8) When directed by quartermaster, receive reports from pack 
masters ever^^ evening or morning, as the exigencies of the service 
may require, of the number of public animals, condition of train, 
amount of cargo on hand, and of what composed; also of any acci- 
dents happening to men or to public animals, making note thereof and 
report same to quartermaster. 

(9) On expeditions form a pioneer corps, instructing pack masters 
to detail as many packers as may be necessary, who will provide 
themselves with axe, spade, or pick, as directed, looking to the 
clearance of all obstacles that may impede travel or endanger trains. 

(10) When practicable, park all pack trains as directed by the 
quartermaster. 

(11) Detail, as directed by the quartermaster, as many pack trains, 
or parts thereof, to commands, as the exigencies of the service may 
require. 

(12) Have all trains in readiness at time specified by quartermaster 
<)r commanding officer. 

(13) Exact from pack masters a constant adherence to the rules of 
packing, schooling of themselves and their men, and teaching of ani- 
mals, looking to the perfect organization of the trains. 

(14) Exact a prompt obedience from all pack masters to orders con- 
cerning their duties. 

(15) Exert a watchful care over trains, that efficient and effective 
service may be rendered. 

(16) Keep a memorandum book, giving a general description of 
country and climate, hoAv country is watered and grassed, and inci- 
dents of note that may be of service. 

(17) Hold pack masters strictly responsible for the perfect work- 
ing, management, and condition of trains in their charge. 

(18) Make stated inspections of pack trains, as may be directed by 
the Quartermaster-General, United States Army, looking to the main- 
tenance and perfect organization of pack trains. 

.(19) Perform all other duties as the exigencies of the service may 
require and as directed by the Quartermaster-General, United States 
Army. 

Sec. 109. The assistant chief packer. — He will — 

(1) Assist the chief packer in the performance of his duties. 

(2) On detached service, in the absence of the chief packer, or when 
in foreign service, he will assume the duties prescribed for the chief 
packer, as directed by the chief quartermaster. 

Sec. 110. The pack master. — He will — 

(1) At post whereat stationed, in the absence of the chief packer or 
assistant chief packer, report every morning to the quartermaster 
unless otherwise instructed. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 147 

(2) In memorandum book provided for that purpose, keep a list of 
property and descriptive list of public animals in his charge, number, 
age, sex, color, height, marks and blemishes, and weight as near as can 
be judged when scales are not convenient. 

(3) Keep a roster of names of packers, when employed, when dis- 
charged, and cause therefor ; their height, age, color of hair and eyes, 
weight, duration of service, and in what capacity, giving names of 
pack masters they have served under, and how long, and in what 
States, Territories, or foreign possessions. 

(4) Keep a memorandum of number of days' rations drawn, how 
many men drawn for, the amount and description of cargo, how dis- 
posed of, and when and to whom issued. 

(5) Report any accident, sickness, or death happening to men or 
public animals, to chief packer or his assistant, and in their absence, to 
quartermaster. 

(6) Station men at bad or dangerous places, for the safety of the 
animals; likewise before crossing streams find out bad or dangerous 
points. 

(7) In mountainous country he must know how to cut or make as 
many turns as the strength of the animals may indicate, giving oppor- 
tunity when space will permit to rest animals and secure loading. 

(8) Be ever watchful and quick to detect weakness in any animal 
approaching bad or dangerous places, lightening or releiving its load 
accordingly. 

(9) Be just and fair with the men and exact prompt obedience to 
all orders. 

(10) When opportunity offers, school the men in the system of 
packing, exacting a strict compliance therewith. 

(11) xVssist the cargador in " setting up " rigging and attend to the 
animals' bodies, keeping them sound. 

(12) Keep equipments in proper order and repair. 

(13) Keep a diary of the distance traveled, condition of country, 
how wooded and watered and grassed, and other incidents of note 
that may be of service. 

(14) Compute the carrying capacity of train at 250 pounds to the 
pack animal; aparejo and accessories not included. 

Sec. 111. The cargador or assistant pack master. — He will — 

(1) With the assistance of the pack master, set up the rigging. 

(2) Fix aparejo for all bunches or wounds, as their position in- 
dicates, being careful not to overlook any, no matter how small, re- 
membering that a small one is more easily fixed than a large one. 

(3) Attend to all needed repairs to aparejos and equipments, sup- 
plying himself with cargador's kit for that purpose. 

(4) Make up all cargoes, mating packages according to kind, and 
equalizing all packs to the best advantage, loading animals accord- 
ing to their strength and condition. 

(5) Keep a watch on animals and packs while traveling, and on 
packers, that they attend to their duties, rejDorting any inattention 
or disobedience to orders promptly to pack master, as they are neces- 
sarily under his immediate charge. 

(6) Place cargo, rigging, and picket line as indicated by pack- 
master. 

(7) Assume charge of the pack train in the temporary absence of 
the pack master. » 



148 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

(8) Keep a memorandum of all cargo received, and to whom is- 
sued, with date, marking or tagging when necessary, and attend to 
the cleanliness of the coronas and cruppers. 

(9) Keep two to three table knives for the purpose of cleaning 
coronas; for convenience, select certain aparejos on which to secure 
them. (Sec. 73, p. 127.) 

(10) See that rigging and cargo are covered and securely tied 
down; all halter stems gathered and placed half and half on head 
and end rigging, all blinds likewise placed between the two last rig- 
ging. 

(11) See that all saddles, bridles, and blankets are placed on cargo 
before covering up ; packmaster's and cargador's at each end. 

(12) Have all canvas and blankets spread out to dry, if found wet, 
and all canvas gathered up and placed in front of rigging. 

(13) Count all rigging when taken off, halter stems and blinds, to 
see that none are missing. 

(14) Name all animals according to sex, that they may be known 
and remembered, marking each aparejo fitted to the animal with the 
name and number of corona of that animal. 

(15) Never abuse or maltreat the animals or permit others to do 
so, impairing their gentleness and usefulness; it tends toward dis- 
organization. With sound and gentle animals it is possible to go 
anywhere they can find footing. 

(16) Keep all animals' manes properly " roached," i. e., trimmed 
up. 

, Sec. 112. The Uacksmith.—}lQ will— 

(1) Provide himself with blacksmith's field kit and shoe boxes, 
the necessary number of shoes, of the size numbers wanted ; amount 
of nails and size numbers wanted; fit them up, shoe and keep the 
train properly shod. Remember that sound feet are as necessary as 
sound backs to the efficiency of the train. 

(2) In addition, obtain and fit up 200 shoes, with sufficient nails, 
ready for field service. 

(3) AVliile train is being loaded keep the animals close to " bell," 
keeping correct count as turned loose, reporting any accident to 
pack master or cargador promptly. 

(4) On leaving bivouac, with assistance of cargador, take count 
of animals, see that none are missing, taking station on either side of 
train when possible, and see that tally is correct, reporting any that 
may be missing to pack master. 

(5) Take station at rear of train while traveling, keeping a watch 
on the animal's feet, so that he may know how many shoes have 
slipped during the travel, and call attention of packers to any loads 
that maj^ need readjusting. 

(6) At any and all halts, opportunity offering, come quickly to the 
head of train and -keep animals rounded up, so that animals may not 
stray off, and in order that packers can give attention quickly to 
packs. 

(7) On arrival at camp, when opportunity offers, call on pack 
master for all animals that need shoeing and necessary assistance. 
If animal is unruly tie up his foot. Do not abuse him; remember 
the animal is dumb and you are intelligent and human. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 149 

(8) Assist in putting on rigging and loading when necessary, and 
perform all other duties required as the exigencies of the pack service 
demand. 

Sec. 113. The 2)(icker.^—H.& will — 

(1) Properly fit himself for his duties, study and perfect himself 
in the system of packing. For this purpose the pack master will 
obtain from the quartermaster the necessar}^ number of books on 
Pack Transportation. 

(2) Obey all orders emanating from the pack master, and in his 
absence, the cargador. 

(3) Be gentle in his treatment of animals; never throw rocks, 
blinds, or in any way abuse them. The gentleness of animals, espe- 
cially the quickness with which a train can be gotten out of camp, 
indicates the understanding of packers of their duties and is the- test 
of organization and discii^line of a train. 

(4) Be watchful of loads when traveling, that none may fall off. 

(5) Do not wait for others to do what he himself sees should be 
done. 

(6) Work for the interest and good name of the train and be jeal- 
ous of its reputation. 

Sec. 114. The coo^■.— He will— 

(1) As a necessary requisite, be a good bread baker, careful and 
saving with rations. 

(2) Distribute short rations (one or two days' supply) in mess 
boxes, evenly, so as not to make one end of box heavier than the other 
or top heavy. 

(3) When called, be quick to get up, and fold blankets and canvas 
and place in front of head rigging. 

(4) Be quick in serving breakfast and dinner, especially during 
field service. 

(5) Give variety of food as often as rations and extras will permit. 

(6) Be clean, and keep utensils and surroundings clean. 

(7) On arrival at camp, dinner being over, prepare for breakfast 
and dinner next day, and keep ready bread sufficient for two meals. 

(8) As beans are a main staple in packers' fare and easily gotten 
ready, cook them before retiring for the breakfast and dinner meal. 

(9) Always carry a little wood and kindling, so that a fire may be 
started quickly on arrival at camp. 

(10) Get as near read}^ as possible everything designed for break- 
fast and dinner after supper and before retiring. 

(11) Pack boxes, or as much as can conveniently be done, and se- 
cure them, and secure all packs opened before retiring. 

(12) Keep kitchen ropes in a dry place. 

(13) Have sufficient water for cooking, and wood and kindling 
to start fire quickly in the morning. 

(14) Be called one-half hour before the trainmen, and call packers 
to breakfast promptly when ready. 

(15) Secure riding animal and have him tied conveniently near. 

(16) Time permitting, saddle up before breakfast; if not, while 
packers are eating ; the kitchen animals will be tied conveniently close 
to kitchen. 

(17) With the assistance of a packer, have the kitchen loads ready 
and loaded on the kitchen animals, so as not to cause unnecessary de- 
lay when the train has been loaded. 



150 PACK TKANSPOETATION. 

(18) Assist in keeping the animals rounded up and at the call 
" Bell " be quick to untie the " bell " animal and lead out in the di- 
rection indicated, gaiting the animal as directed by pack master. 

(19) Look back occasionally, should the pack master not be in the 
lead, and notice how the animals are coming, and whether the gait 
is too fast or too slow ; if any accident happens, halt and wait for 
orders. 

(20) Watch for and obey the signals of pack master. 

(21) Look to pack master for all orders pertaining to kitchen. 

(22) Look to pack master or cargador for orders on trail while 
traveling. 

Note.- — There is nothing that will add more to the comfort and 
good will among a crew of packers than a good, clean, and fast cook. 

WHAT PACKERS ARE NOT PERMITTED TO DO. 

Sec. 115, Packers must not — 

(1) Throw rocks, blinds, or in anj^ manner abuse the animals of 
the train. 

(2) Tie riding or pack mules in front of saloons. 

(3) Lidulge in the use of intoxicants to the prejudice of good 
order and discipline in the pack train. 

(4) Be absent from the train without permission from the pack 
master, and in his absence the cargador. 

(6) Be insubordinate to the proper orders of the pack master, and 
in his absence the cargador. 

(6) Read papers, books, etc., while on herd duty, or neglect to 
keep proper supervision over the animals that none may stray off 
or be stolen. 

(7) Neglect to keep watch on pack mules on the march, night as 
well as day, that none may stray off during travel. 

(8) Be inattentive to pack animals when their load needs balanc- 
ing. 

(9) Use coronas for bedding. 

(10) Use the aparejo as a seat when in bivouac or permit others to 
do so. 

FEEDING. 

Sec. 116. In case grain is to be fed to pack animals, let it be given 
to them after the day's work is done — not before. In the latter case 
the grain is liable to sour on the mule's stomach ; thirst, and possibly 
colic, results. 

When grain is available it is fed at the picket line or on the herd 
ground. In the latter case, put it in separate piles, one for each mule, 
about 20 feet apart, the various piles being placed on the circumfer- 
ence of a circle. 

When the mules are on herd do not picket the " bell " horse unless 
the urgency of the occasion requires it ; " hobble " it instead. More 
freedom is thus given him in the selection of grasses. 

If the " bell " horse is picketed during night herding, one of the 
herders should remain in his immediate vicinity in order to be 
prompt to render aid in case of accident. 

If grain is not available for the train, but enough may be obtained 
for the " bell " horse, feed it separately, since it has not the same 
opportunities for grazing as the other animals. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 161 

If animals are fed at the picket line, the grain is placed on feed 
covers (sec. 77). These covers should be promptly removed after 
feeding. Two or more packers are detailed to be present to prevent 
animals from kicking one another and wasting the grain. 

WATERING. 

Sec. 117. It is very essential that animals should be watered at 
least once a day. Deprive them of water and they immediately grow 
thin. 

Pack masters should personally supervise the watering of animals 
on arrival at bivouac. 

Some animals are fastidious as to the quality of water they drink. 
Do not overlook them ; see that they are properly watered. 

Before fording streams, when there is reason to believe that animals 
are thirsty, always give them an opportunity to drink. Accident 
and delay may thus be avoided ; especially in case the ford is boggy 
and dangerous. 

GROOMING. 

Sec. 118. Pack animals should be groomed daily. It is done while 
they are at the rigging. 

In grooming, stroke with the hair, not against it; under the belly, 
stroke to the rear. 

In a country where grass burs occur, see that none are on the 
animal's back or belly before putting on the aparejo. 

TRAVELING. 

Sec. 119. In warm climates, avoid traveling during the heat of the 
day. On the other hand, avoid making two marches in one day. It 
is better to do the day's work, if possible, and then go into camp. 

In ordinary flat or undulating country, hourly halts are not neces- 
sary for pack trains. It is better to complete the day's march quickly, 
and get the loads and aparejos off the animals. 

In mountainous country, however, halts should be made as oppor- 
tunity offers, to rest the animals and secure the loads. 

If the animals show the inclination, allow them to drink when 
opportunity occurs. They travel better in consequence. 

On dark nights, when following a command, trust to the sense of 
smell of the riding animals. They will rarely leave the trail, the 
sense of smell guiding them more truly than sight. The animals, too, 
are more solicitous of keeping the trail at night than in the day. 

Never adjust an animal's load while his head is uphill; always 
face him downhill. 

During night travel, keep the animals wnthin hearing distance of 
the bell. 

Desiring to surprise an eneni}^, muffle the bell with a handkerchief, 
allowing a faint sound, if necessary. 

In fording streams, do not permit the animals either to bunch up 
or to straggle out. After the bell horse has crossed the ford, rattle 
the bell, to encourage timid animals. 

If in fording a stream, a laden mule falls, cut the " standing rope " 
of the lashing, so as to free the load in case this becomes necessary, in 
order to save the life of the animal. 



152 PACK TEANSPORTATION. 

A similar course may be pursued when an animal loses his foot- 
ing on a mountain side. 

Pack masters should always be provided with a heavy hunting 
knife for the purpose. 

In traveling through dry and desert countries, two 10-gallon casks 
of water should be carried in a pack train. It will be found, how- 
ever, that, if available, canned tomatoes are a good substitute and 
quench the thirst better than a small allowance of water. 

When expecting a dry march, do not eat beans or salted meats for 
the morning meal. 

The " bell " horse should not be ridden. 

CAMPING. 

Sec. 120. In camping avoid low and swampy ground. 

Always camj^ on the farther side of a stream in the direction of 
travel. 

Do not camp in a •'" box " canyon, i. e., one which has but one prac- 
tical outlet. 

On getting into camp it is not necessary, as sometimes held, to 
loosen the aparejos and allow them to remain for half an hour or so 
on the animals." It will do them more good to be relieved of the apa- 
rejos and allowed to roll. 

USE or BLINDS. 

Sec. 121. A pack mule is always blinded when putting on the apa- 
rejo and the load; also, when the load needs tightening .on the road. 
He is not blinded when taking off the load and the aparejo. 

Blinds should always be carried on the left arm when traveling. 

When putting on the aparejos the packer whose blind is not being 
used lays it on the ground in front of the mule. After an aparejo is 
on, the near packer removes the blind, places it on the collar of the 
aparejo and proceeds to tie up the halter shank. (Sec. 54, figs. 40-41.) 

The off packer, after securing latigo, takes this blind off the apa- 
rejo and hastens to get another mule. The packer tying up the halter 
shank picks up the blind on the ground. 

Mules should be taught not to move when the blind is on. Conse- 
quently, if necessary to change the position of a mule always lift the 
blind before causing him to stir. 

KINDNESS TO ANIMALS. 

Sec. 122. A mule remembers kindness and will recognize by sight 
and sense of smell the individual who has shown it to him. Be brutal 
in treatment of him and he will shy from you and avoid you. 

Kindness will conciliate the most vicious animal and cause him to 
become docile. - 

If vicious, provide means to prevent his injuring any person. 

In doing so do not maltreat the animal. Treat him kindly, but 
firmly, and he will soon learn to recognize you as his master, and obey. 

Maltreat him and he will never forget you. 



«Tweuty-five or thirty years ago it was tlie custom to loosen tlie aparejos 
and allow tbein to remain on the animals for half an hour with the belief that 
if any bunches occur during travel this method would reduce them. This, how- 
ever, is an error and affords no relief. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 153 

PRECAUTIONS. 

Sec. 123. In malarial districts or hot climates wear a woolen band- 
age 12 inches Avide wrapped from two to three times around the 
stomach. 

Avoid fruit and nuts; lemons, however, in form of lemonade, may 
be taken, but not to excess. 

Avoid spirituous liquors of all descriptions. 

Wliile traveling, sleep under canvas of some description to avoid 
the dew. 

Procure twngs or brush, never green grasses, on which to spread 
blankets. 

If possible, procure a hammock and always use it, especially during 
the rainy season. Above all things, do not sleep on the bare ground. 

Boiled fresh milk is good for a weak stomach ; condensed milk is a 
good substitute. 

Keep a supply of quinine, but use it sparingh^ and only when neces- 
sity requires. 

Keep the head cool, the feet warm, and the bowels in order, and 
fear no danger from sickness in any climate. 

Keep on hand a small supply of needles, silk thread, and bandages 
in case of wounds. 

KeejD a small supply of ammonia for animals, in case of snake bite. 
Puncture the flesh freely around the bitten part and rub ammonia well 
in with fingers. Be careful, however, that the fingers have no abrasion. 

For screw worms, keep a supply of chloroform, or crysilic ointment. 

GLOSSARY. 

Sec. 124. 

Aparejo (pronounced " ap-pa-ray-ho ") : A pack saddle. 

Bag, loar: A clothes sack. (Sec. 90.) 

BcU: Ordinarily a slieep bell, attaclied by a strap to tbe neck of tlie horse. 

Bell horse: A horse with a bell strapped about its nock and used to lend a paclc 
train of mules; sometimes alluded to as the "bell " in such expressions as 
" get the bell," " lead the bell," " stop the bell," " call the bell." 

BeJl sharp: Applied to mnlos that become especially attached to the "bell" 
horse. 

Blind: A hood of leather, made to cover the eyes of a pack mule when loading 
the animal or tightening the load. (Figs. 40-41.) 

Boot: Term applied to the end pieces of aparejo. 

Boot har: A section of wood representing the finished product, when the boot of 
the aparejo is properly filled with hay by the skilled packer, and provided 
with slots to receive ribs of wood. (In connection with the saddle bar, the 
boot bar holds the ribs in place, thus stiffening the apare.io.) 

BraJcc: To brake a pack; to brake a load — signifying the act of working the 
packs close together and into their proper relative positions after they have 
been tied together by a sling rope. (Sec. 27.) 

Buncti: A puffing up of the skin. 

Cargo: The loads carried by a pack train, when spoken of collectively. To 
"form cargo," i. e., to arrange in an orderly and convenient manner an 
aggregation of loads. (Sec. 50.) 

Cargador: An individual who, in the organization of a pack train, is next in im- 
portance after the pack master. He has to do witli making up and forming 
the cargo, equalizing the packs, caring for mules, repairing aparejos, etc. 
(Sec. 111.) 

Carrier piece: A fold of leather sewed in between the back and belly pieces of 
aparejo at rear, to which, by means of lacing, the cru])iier is attached, and 
which thus serves to support the crupper and prevent it from hanging too 
low on the mule's buttocks, (g, fig. 2.) 



154 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

Center stitch line: The stitch line which divides the aparejo into two equal 

parts. (;, fig. 2.) 
Cinch (cinclia) : A broad canvas band, by means of which the aparejo is secured 

on the mule's back. (Ill, fig. 2.) 
Collar: That portion of the aparejo which lies over the mule's withers. It is so 

shaped as to relieve the mule of all pressure on the withers. (1, i, fig. 2.) 
Corona: A saddle pad, which is placed on the mule's back before the blanket 

and aparejo are put on. A numeral is placed on one of its sides to dis- 
tinguish it. (V, fig. 2.) 
Cover, aparejo (or sobre-jalma) : A canvas covering attached to the aparejo to 

protect the leather from wear and tear. Called by packers a " sovereian 

hammer, sullivan hammer, soldier hammer." (II, fig. 2.) 
Cover, paclc: A section of heavy canvas employed to wrap therein, by means of 

rope, certain packages that may deteriorate by exposure to rain or 

dampness. 
Cover, rigging: Covers used to protect the aparejos in camp or bivouac. 

(Sec. 71.) 
Cover, cargo: Canvas used to protect aggregation of loads, termed the "cargo," 

in camp or bivouac. (Sec. 70.) 
Cover, feed: Canvas laid on the ground at the picket line, on which grain is 

placed for feeding the animals. (Sec. 77.) 
Crupper: A leather band attached to the front facing and carrier pieces of the 

aparejo, and fitting under the mule's tail, its purpose being to steady the 

aparejo and to prevent it from slipping to the front. (IV, fig. 2.) 
Deadman: A holdfast, sunk in the ground, to which the picket line is attached. 
Diamond hitch: Name applied to the lashing, by means of which the load is 

secured to the aparejo, the two ropes forming a diamond or lozenge on top 

of the load. 
Dock piece: That portion of the crupper that fits under the animal's tail; also 

applied to that portion of the animal's tail under which the dock of the 

crupper rests. 
Drag tails: Term applied to mules that are farthest away from the "bell" 

when traveling; also applied to a lazy packer. 
Facings: Additional pieces or strips of leather, applied to certain parts of the 

aparejo to strengthen them, (d, e, f, etc., fig. 2.) 
"Go:" Term used by the "near" to the "off" packer, when hitch is formed 

and ready to be tightened. 
Hand-hole: Hole made in the belly piece of the aparejo in the center of each 

side, to enable the packer to insert the hay or grass that forms the padding, 
"Hold:" Signal by the "near" to the "off" packer to hold his pack in posi- 
tion, while the " near " packer brakes the load. 
Lair: Term applied to the rope used in securing pack covers around pack. 

Hence, to "lair; " "to lair up; " meaning to secure the pack cover to the 

pack by means of the lair rope. (Sec. 14.) 
Line up: Meaning to cause the pack mules to take position at rear of the rig- 
ging on the proper flank of the " bell " horse. 
Load: A pack or packs forming the burden for one pack mule. Hence, "to 

load up," meaning to place the loads, as formed in cargo, on the pack mules. 
Pack: In the ordinary case, that portion of the load carried on one side of 

the mule's back. A load, liowever, may consist of a single pack or of 

several packs, depending on the nature of the articles to be paclied, or the 

exigencies of the service. 
Pack lip: Meaning to load up; to place the loads, as formed in cargo, on the 

pack mules. 
Packer, first-elass: One skilled in the art of preparing cargo; loading a pack 

mule; adjusting a load so that it will balance evenly on the mule's back, 

etc.; one familiar with the "diamond" and other hitches used in securing 

loads, and versed in the usages and customs of the pack service. 
Packer, second-class: A novice in the art of packing. 
Pack master: A master in the art of packing; one who has charge of a pack 

train. 
Rihbing up: Placing in an aparejo the sticks, or whatever may be used to give 

stiffness to the sides of the aparejo. 
Rigging: Tei'm applied to the aparejos in a pack train; particularly when it 

is desired to refer to them in a collective sense. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 155 

Saddle bar: A section of wood representiug the finished product when the sad- 
dle of the aparejo is properly filled with hay or similar material, by the 
skilled packer, and provided with slots to receive ribs of wood. In connec- 
tion with the boot bar, the saddle bar holds the ribs in place, by means of 
which the aparejo is stiffened. 

Set up: To set up an aparejo, meaning to prepare it for use by inserting the 
ribs, and then padding it with hay, so as to adjust it properly lo the shape 
of the mule's back. (Sec. 6.) 

Settle: To adjust packs to their places on the aparejo, as in the case of simple 
box loads. Here it is not necessary to brake the load, i. e., to work the 
near pack up and down, until it is in place, as the two packs may readily 
be settled on the aparejo so as to ride evenly. 

Shoe: Term applied to the protecting sticks of the aparejo cover. (1. II, fig. 2.) 

Sling: Term applied to the rope used in tying the packs together on the mule's 
back prior to being lashed. Hence, "to sling" the load; "to cross sling;" 
"to double sliug," and " to double cross sling." (Sees. 26 to 30.) 

Snap up: To tie animals together by their halter shanks, while standing at the 
rigging. (Sec. 53.) 

Stem or snap: Names sometimes applied to halter shanks. 

Sticks, protecting: Used on the aparejo cover to stiffen the ends. Sometimes 
called shoes. (1. II, Fig. 2.) 

Sticks, tamping: Used in tamping hay, etc,, in the corners of the aparejo. 

Tie: Signal from the "off" to the "near" packer that all slack has been ren- 
dered on the running rope. Also signal from the " near " to the " off " 
packer for the latter to secure the end of the rope, on completion of the 
hitch. 

"Tied:" Signal from the "near" to the "off" packer, in slinging the load 
that the "square" knot has been tied. 

Trail: A path, usually narrow; hence incumbent upon animals of a train to 
move in single file. "To trail" means to follow in single file after the 
" bell " horse. 

Train, pack: A pack train is an organization comprising fifty pack animals, a 
proper complement of men and a complete equipment. 

SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACK ANJD RIDING MULES. 

Sec. 125. The mule must be sound in body and limbs, of blocky 
build, of kind and gentle disposition, with free and springy action 
at the walk or trot, and to conform to the following description : 

The pack mule must be in fair condition, from three to seven years 
old ; weight, depending upon height, to be as follows : 

Pack mules should weigh from 850 to 1,200 pounds, and be from 
13^ hands to 15 hands high. 

Head of medium size, well formed, intelligent looking, broad be- 
tween the eyes; eyes clear, large and full; ears long and flexible; 
teeth and tongue free of blemishes, muzzle well rounded and firm. 

Neck stocky, broad and full at crest, and inclined to arch. 

Withers, low and broad, indicating strength in shoulders. 

Chest, low and broad, with division well defined, holding the fore 
legs well apart, showing good lung power. 

Knees, wide in front and free of blemishes. 

Back, short and straight, indicating strength in back over region of 
the kidneys. 

Barrel, deep and large, indicating a good feeder — not hard to 
please in either food or water — a most essential requisite in the selec- 
tion of pack mules. 

Hips, broad and well rounded. 

Dock, low and stiff, offering resistance, showing endurance. 

Hocks, standing well apart and strongly made, showing well- 
developed buttocks. 



156 PACK TEANSPORTATIOISr. 

Pasterns, muscled, short, and strongly shaped. 

Hoofs, sound, broad, and full, with frog well developed, elastic, 
and healthy. 

Riding mules will conform to the above conditions, with the ex- 
ception, they may be deeper from point of withers to brisket. 

6. WHAT TO AVOID IN THE SELECTION OF PACK MULES. 

Sec. 126. Head: Avoid a long and large head, dish-face and 
Roman-nose, narrow between the eyes, eyes small, round, and sunk 
well under eyebrow, the eye inclined to snap and show the white ; ears 
erect and stiff, indicating advanced age; teeth long, flat on upper 
surface, Avith bean well worn; tongue cut or other blemish; mouth 
cut at inner corners, and under lip hanging down. 

Neck, long and thin, inclined to be ewe-necked. 

Withers, high and narrow. 

Chest, high at center or chicken-breasted, lacking vitality. 

Knees, small and out of line. 

Back, long or sway-backed, indicating weakness over kidneys. 

Barrel, small and round, drawn in the flank. 

Hips, prominent and angular. 

Dock, high and weak. 

Hocks, standing close together, throwing the feet well out. 

Limbs, knees, and hocks showing wind galls. 

Pasterns, with scratches, cuts, or bruises. 

Hoofs, " pigeontoed," high and narrow, and drawn at the frog, in- 
dicating the latter has lost vitality. 



CHAPTEE VII. 

THE DALY APAREJO — SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION. 

Sec. 127. There are in general use the 62, 60, and 58 inch aparejos, 
i. e., measuring from end to end 62, 60, and 58 inches, respectively. 

THE BODY OF THE APAREJO. 

(1) The back piece, (2) the belly or body piece, (3) the boots, (4) 
the boot facings, (5) the front facing, (6) the center facing, (7) the 
carrier pieces, (8) the welts. 

(Note. — The first two items of the above are sometimes referred to 
. as the " body pieces.") 

detailed specifications. 

Take a 60-inch aparejo as a standard — 60 inches long and 24 inches 
wide throughout its entire length. 

THE BODY. 

(1) To be made of solid, fair leather, tallow finish; sides to be of 
good spread, w^eighing from 12 to 14 pounds to the side, free of cuts 
and blemishes. 

Cut the back piece 43 inches long and 24 inches wide. Cut the 
belly or body piece 45 inches long and 24 inches wide. 

Cut boots 24 inches long and 18 inches wide. Face the boots at 
each end with a semicircular facing, facing to be 18 inches long and 
12 inches wide, diameter of semicircle to be 16 inches. Facings to 
meet at center of boot. 

The facings must be sewed on with three seams, one-fourth of an 
inch apart and one-fourth of an inch from their semicircular edges, 
and one seam 3 inches from the outward edge all around. 

The back piece has a front facing from end to end of 6J inches wide. 
This facing to be of good solid leather, as it is to receive the crupper 
lacings. 

Facing to be sewed down with two seams 2J inches from the inner 
edge for the first, 2 inches from the outward edge for the second. 
This facing to have five f-inch holes punched 1 inch from the inner 
edge and spaced equally distant between the boot and center facing. 

Center facing to be 24 inches long and 8 inches wide ; to be placed 
at center of back piece extending from front to rear, sewed down, 
with two seams on each side at edge one-half of an inch apart. The 
front facing on back piece forms the front of the aparejo. 

The boots lap on to body pieces three-fourths of an inch on outside; 
to be sewed down with three seams, one-fourth of an inch apart and 
one-eighth of an inch from the edges. In lapping inside to back pieces 
the fleshy side of the belly piece must face outward. 

157 



158 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

In closing up the body care should be taken to have the boots or 
ends doubled exactly alike, so that the top of the boot of belly piece 
will just meet the end of back or body piece. The center seam to be 
sewed down to belly and back pieces, and must positively be in the 
center of the aparejo. 

The belly piece will have a " hand-hole " 5| inches long and 5 inches 
wide, cut out in center of belly piece 15 inches from center seam to 
center of hole. 

Back ])iece to have a hand-hole of similar dimensions cut in center 
of back or body piece, 10 inches from center seam to center of hole, 
this hand-hole to bo cut around to within 1 inch from either side of 
center at top. This forms a lid and is provided with one hole at center 
of lower end, one-fourth of an inch from edge, large enough to receive 
thong for lacing. A similar hole is provided on the body in line with 
this, one-fourth of an inch from edge; both holes f acinj^ up and down. 

On back or body piece at rear a slit 12 inches long is provided ; to 
be 2 inches from the outward or rear edge; connnencing with 1 inch 
above the boot, ruiniing upward toward the center seam, and provided 
with 5 holes on either side of slit, spaced equally distant to receive 
lacings. These slits are for the purpose of introducing the inside 
frame or ribbing for aparejo. 

The " hand-hole " on back or body piece is provided for guiding 
ribs to position in boot and saddle bars. 

In front there nnist be a welt of good, solid leather, three-fourths 
of an inch wide, laid in between the belly and back pieces, extending 
from end to encl, to be sewed down with two seams, three-eighths of 
an inch apart and one-fourth inch from edge. 

In sewing along edge at front, a space of three-fourths of an inch 
must be omitted, counting 3^- inches from center seam each way. 
This to permit " key bar " to pass through in locking ribs of inside 
frame. 

Now ])unch two holes, three-fourths of an inch apart; the first at 
center of space, corresponding to hole provided in brass " key bar," the 
second on the lower side, and provide thong 10 .inches long to secure 
" key bar " to aparejo, both holes to be " up and down." 

The rear has a similar welt three-fourths of an inch wide and 14 
inches long, extending 7 inches each way from center seam. 

Below this welt the " carrier " pieces are placed for the purpose of 
carrying the crujDper, and is arranged by taking a piece of leather 
4 by 8 inches, of half the thickness of the welt, folded the narrow way, 
slipped in exactly three-fourths of an inch, leaving the folded part out. 

The extending part of the " carrier " pieces will have three sets of 
holes five-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, two holes at the upper end 
and three-fourths of an inch apart, the first hole to be 1 inch from 
end; two holes will be provided in similar manner at opposite end, 
and two holes at center in similar manner ; the holes to be parallel with 
the length of " carrier " pieces. 

Thongs for each " carrier " piece will be provided ; and to be of 
latigo leather, 12 inches long and three-eighths of an inch wide. 

From the "carriers " to the end of the aparejo there must be a welt 
similar to that described for the front; the whole to be sewed down 
with two seams in similar manner as described for the front. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 159 

The collar that shapes the aparcjo for the withers must be G inches 
wide and 6 inches deep ; that is to say, C inches along the front seam 
at center and 6 inches back toward rear, shaped in this manner: 
Three inches on each side of center stitch line of the aparejo, run 
back 4 inches parallt;! with center stitch line, then run 2 inches toward 
center stitch line, then back 2 inches paralk'l with center stitch line, 
then up to center slKch line. 

The center seam, like center of collar, must positively be in the cen- 
ter of the aparejo and exactly straight across the body. 

It is understood the collar is placed on the front of the aparejo, 
and, like center seam, is sewed to back and belly pieces. 

Now punch two holes, one on each side of the center stitch line and 
to be three-fourths of an inch aj)art at front and rear, spaced equally 
distant from center stitch line. These holes to bn ])rovi(led bt^tvveen 
the two outward seams with thong 10 inclu^s long for lacing, to secure 
aparejo cover to n|)arej(). 

If using willow or other sticks cut a slit 2 indues long on each side 
of center stitch line, running downward fi-om center stitch line, slits 
to be in center of aparejo. In cnlting slits be careful not to cut 
through center stitch line. 

If using ])acking device cut two slits 1 inch long and three-six- 
teenths inch wide, counting 4'{ inches from ceuler seam of aparejo 
to ('(Miter of slit and 1 inch from each edge. 

These are for (he |)urpose to receive chock jjlates holding staples 
that rec(Mve the side^)iat('S of packing device, etc. 

Chock plates to be l;} inches s(]uare and one-eighth of an inch thick; 
corners to be rounded oil. To secure chock plates to aparejo provide 
four holes three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, one at each corner 
spaced c(jnaliy distant, and five-sixt(HMiths of an inch from outer 
edges. 

These to receive copper rivets that secure cho(;k plates to aparejo. 

Next provide two holes three-fourths of an inch apart, counting 
from ('(uiter of hole each way; these to be ])lacecl at center of chock 
plate and are for the purpose of receiving staples. 

Staples to be made of -^-'u-inch best steel rod, and when shaped to 
have a de])th of 1 inch. In shaping staples they must have uniform 
width of thr(H!-fourths of an inch from crown to base, counting from 
center to center of staple. On extremities of stai)l(is provide a shoul- 
der of suflicient depth to receive chock i)late and to b(^ securely riveted 
th(M'eon. 

(Note. — For GQ-inch :ii)arejo the body picM-es aie cut 2 inches longer 
than that for a GO-inch aparejo. 

For 58-inch aparejo the body pieces are cut the same length as that 
provided for the GO-inch, the boots being cut 24 inches long and 16 
inches wide. 

Of 50 aparejos make twenty-five GO inches long and 24 inches wide, 
thirteen G2 inches long and 21 inches wide, and twelve 5S inches h)ng 
and 21 inches wide. 

Note. — In ordering 50 aparejos the proportion of sizes should be 
as noted above. 

In width tlu^y nnist I)!' iniifoi-nily 24 inches throughout their en- 
tin; length; and collai- with center seam must positively be in the 
center of the aparejo.) 



160 PACK TKANSPORTATION. 

THE CRUPPER. 

(2) To be of good, solid, fair leather, tallow finish, sides to be of 
good spread, weighing from 12 to 11 pounds, and free from cuts 
and blemishes. 

Standard size for cruppers to be 78 inches long and 12 inches wide. 

To form cr'upper cut tAvo sections J39 inches long and 12 inches 
wide. 

At heaviest end, counting 3f inches from one corner, cut in 4 inches 
to form dock ; now describe a cut upward, circling to within 24 inches 
of opposite end. 

Now allow a space of 2 inches for dock and cut jn 2 inches, and de- 
scribe a cut downward, circling to within 24 inches of opposite end. 

Half the (;rupper is thus shaped. Cut a corresponding one and lap 
both, allowing 4 inches for u-pper surface of dock, lap to be sewed 
down with two seams three-fourth* of an inch apart; length of 
seams 4 inches; before lapping ends shave down the under surface. 

For top facing provide a strip of good, solid leather 30 inches long 
and 8 inches wide, shaped to extend around dock to within 24 inches 
of each end ; cut 2 more strips same width 26 inches long, lap 2 inches 
and sew down with two seams one-fourth of an incli from each edge. 

For bottom fa(!ing provide two strips of good, solid leather 37 
inches long, conforming to the shape of lower edge of crupper; com- 
mencing at one end there must be a uniform width of 3 inches, ex- 
tending 15 inches toward opposite end, then describe a cut, circling 
toward center of dock, greatest width to be G inches; to be sewed 
down three seams, outer seams to be one-fourth of an inch from outer 
edges, the third, or center seam, to extend from dock to within 24 
inches of opposite end. 

To form (H)ver for dock, take a piece of good, solid leather 10 inches 
long and 7 inches wide doubled in center the long way and at center 
of ends cut in 3 inches, so that it will fit down into the dock, soak 
well, draw snug and sew down ; shave off the under edges so as to 
leave it smooth on the animal's hips. 

Leave If inches for dock and leave one end open to introduce the 
stuffing. Deer or ante]oi)e hair is best for the purpose. 

Stuff and foi'ui the dock while the leather is soft. 

In shaping the dock rub it on toj) as the stuffing is introduced, at 
the same time bringing the ends of the crupper together and bending 
the ends of the dock upward so as to shape the dock to the animal's 
tail, and the butt of the crupper to the animal's hips. 

Lining for crupper to be of 28-inch No. 10 cotton duck, extending 
from dock to within 24 inches of end each way; in cutting allow for 
lap of 1 inch all around; to be sewed down with slautiug stitch 
spaced one-half inch on upper and under sides. When lining is in 
position the upper edge of the crupper on either side of dock, extend- 
ing 10 inches each way, to be bound down with sheepskin. 

In sewing the upper edge of top facing a space of 10 inches should 
be omitted to receive this binding, binding to be then sewed down 
in regular manner. 

At each end of crupper five f-inch holes are punched 1 inch from 
ends. On top facing and in center four ^-inch holes are punched, 
measuring for the first 24 inches from center of dock, and spaced 
equally distant. . J 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 161 

Lacing for crupper two to be of latigo leather one-half inch wide 
and 7 feet long. 

Lacings to have a slit at heavy end 1^ inches long in center and 
three-fourths of an inch from end. These to be fastened at hole 
provided on end of top facing of crupper. 

THE APAREJO COVER OK SOBBE-JALMA. 

(3) To be made of No. 4, 22-inch cotton duck. The canvas is cut 
the same length as the body of the aparejo. It is faced on both sides 
with leather 4 inches wide from end to end and 5 inches wide across 
ends. These facings when put on must be allowed to extend over the 
sides and ends of canvas so as to make the cover one-half inch wider 
and longer than the aparejo ; to be sewed with seam at each edge. 

The protecting sticks or shoes to be 21 inches long, 2^ inches wide, 
and three-fourths of an inch thick, taper the ends on one side to half 
the thickness at ends, extending 51 inches toward center from each 
end, and taper on edges from center to a width of 1 inch at ends ; to 
be placed in center of facings across ends. 

In tapering sticks do not allow a ridge in center. The protecting 
sticks or shoes to be faced at each end, facing to be placed so as to 
leave an exposed surface of 10 inches wide in center; to be sewed 
down all around with two seams one-half inch apart. 

Now punch two holes three-fourths of an inch from edge of center, 
in front and rear, and three-fourths of an inch apart. This to secure 
aparejo cover to aparejo. 

If using packing device provide two strips of leather 14 inches long 
and one-half inch wide; these to be placed at front and rear and in 
center of aparejo cover, counting from each edge 1^ inches, and to 
be sewed down with two seams 3 inches long and secured at each end 
of sewing by copper rivets. Now counting 5 inches each way from 
center of sobre-jalma at front and rear provide a slit 1 inch long 
and three-sixteenths of an inch wide, slits to be parallel with the 
center of width of sobre-jalma. These to receive staples that secure 
the side plates of packing device. 

THE APAREJO CINCHA. 

(4) To be made of No. 4, 22-inch cotton duck. The canvas to be 
8 inches longer than the aparejo for which intended, and folded so as 
to make two thicknesses 10 inches wide ; the lap to be sewed together 
with two seams and to be considered the surface side. 

One end of the cincha to be supplied with a section of f-inch gas 
pipe, flattened at ends and curved so as to take the place of a ring, to 
pass the latigo or tightening strap around; when shaped must be 1 
inch less than the width of the cincha. Flattened ends to be pro- 
vided with holes punched 1^ inches from ends, to receive No. 8 copper 
rivets to hold it in place. This iron is fastened to cincha by two 
pieces of good, solid leather, 11 inches long and 5^ inches wide and 
riveted to iron. Place one end of canvas between the folds of leather 
facing and sew down with three scams, two seams one-half inch apart, 
on outer edge, and one seam around edge of hole. This hole to be 3 
inches wide and 3^ inches long, shaped half oval. 
52436—08 11 ' 



162 PACK TRANSPORTATION". 

This for the latig;© or tightening strap to pass through. The re- 
verse end of cincha is faced with leather 8^ inches on outside and 1^ 
inches on inside, 10 inches wide and 10 inches long, cut conical shape 
on outside. Fold 1^ inches from square end and lay into this fold a 
3^^-inch iron rod 9 inches long; lay it over end of cincha and sew 
down with one seam across the end, so as to catch the short or under 
side of facing, and two seams one-half inch apart along the edge of 
conical facing. 

Fifteen inches from strap or rod end of cincha sew on a round piece 
of leather 3 inches in diameter on outside of cincha; punch two 
f-inch holes, three-fourths of an inch apart in center. This to hold 
fastening, or finger loop, as it is termed, and should be of good, solid 
leather. Thong for fastening loop to be 12 inches long and three- 
eighths of an inch wide, of latigo leather, secured underneath, allow- 
ing as much loop to extend on outside as possible. Its use is to hold 
end of latigo or tightening strap when the aparejo is cinched on the 
animal. 

The latigo or tightening strap to be from 7 to 8 feet long ; width, 
If inches at heavy end and three- fourths of an inch at light end. 

The rendering ring in heavy end of tightening or cincha strap to 
be of 3-inch breeching ring, dropped into a bight, lapped 2^ inches 
inward; drop into lap the 3-inch ring, double over so as to leave a 
space of three-fourths of an inch from end of strap to the inside of 
lap. This loop is for the lace string to pass through. 

Rivet in center of folds and sew down two seams. 

The lacing for fastening straps to cincha to be one-half inch wide 
and 6 feet long ; to be of latigo leather. 

The conical facing to be provided with three f-inch holes, two 6 
inches apart and one-half inch from rod, the third in center and 1 
inch from top. 

To fasten cincha and latigo strap with lacing, bring the ends to- 
gether and pass through hole at center from underneath, allowing 
a loop of one-half inch to remain underneath, separate ends and pass 
down through holes at ends. 

Take the folds of latigo, ring up, and pass the right end of lacing 
through loop from right to left and into left-hand hole in cincha 
from above, pulling sufficient through to pass into the loop in center 
underneath, about 6 inches. 

Take the left-hand lacing and pass through loop from left to right ; 
continue and finish as before. 

THE CORONA. 

(5) To be three thicknesses of blanket; the first or top blanket to 
be of first-class kersey material, free from shoddy or any impure ma- 
terial ; to be of uniform color, gray preferred, and two thicknesses of 
fair quality, together equaling the strength of the first or top blanket. 

To be 2 inches wider and 10 inches shorter than the aparejo for 
which intended; to be faced through center from front to rear with 
kersey material contrasting in color with body 14 inches wide; to be 
sewed down with one seam on edges and one seam through center to 
first thickness of top blanket. 

For border provide light canvas webbing of brown khaki color 3 
inches wide, lapped under, underpinning all around, so as to leave a 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 163 

surface of 2 inches on top or outer surface of corona; to be sewed 
down with two seams, one-fourth of an inch from the inner edge for 
the first and 1^ inches for the second. 

Center of one side of top blanket is provided with a numeral, 8 
inches high, numbers running from 1 to 50, sewed down to first thick- 
ness or top blanket. Good tanned sheepskin is required for the pur- 
pose. The two thicknesses of underpinning to be basted down to 
first thickness or top blanket. 

Sweat cloth to be of No. 10 28-inch cotton duck, one inch wider on 
sides and ends, lapped under to come flush with edge of corona all 
around ; to be sewed with " T-stitch," the same under as well as over, 
three-fourths of an inch apart and three-fourths of an inch from 
edges. The stitch must lap on edge over all. 

THE PACK BLANKET, 

(6) Size. — To be not less than 7 feet nor more than 7 feet 3 inches 
long. To be not. less than 5 feet 6 inches nor more than 5 feet 9 
inches wide finished. 

Weight. — To weigh not less than 5 pounds. 

Wool. — To be of pure long, staple wool, free from shoddy, re- 
worked wool, cotton, or any impure material. 

Strength. — To be capable of sustaining a tensile strength without 
breaking of 35 pounds to the inch warp ways and 40 pounds without 
breaking to the inch filling ways. To insure an even strain on 
threads care must be taken that the material is placed in the jaws of 
the dynamometer at exactly right angles to the opposite system of 
threads. 

Color. — To be a mixture of an olive drab shade as required by 
standard issue blanket, or may be gray in color. 

Border. — An olive brown border about 3 inches wide to extend 
across the blanket about 8 inches from each end ; the woolen border 
to be of the same grade as the body of the blanket; to conform in 
shape to the border of standard issue blanket and to withstand the 
oflBcial tests for permanency of color. 

^ra/ic?.— Each blanket to have the letters "U. S. Q. M. D., P. T." 
not less than 4f inches high ; the lettering to be worked through the 
blanket either by hand or machine, using a yarn composed of the 
same material, shade, and permanency of dye as that of the border, or 
the letters may be dyed with the best cochineals. Place lengthwise in 
center of blanket. 

Each blanket to be manufactured in a thorough and workmanlike 
manner, the ends to be secured from raveling by gimp and elastic 
overlock stitch, as provided for standard issue blanket. 

HALTEBS. 

(7) To be made of fair leather, regulation size, six-ring halters, 
and provided with brow band and halter shank with trigger snap, 
size 1| inches; snap to be on heaviest end of shank; length of shank, 
6^ feet. 

One head halter with shank will be provided for each aparejo. 



164 PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

PACKERS ' BLINDS. 

(8) To make a cup blind take a piece of good, solid leather, 26 
inches long and 6^ inches wide ; cut and shape to leave it 3 inches wide 
at ends and center and 6^ inches midway between ends and center. 
Now leave a space of five-eighths of an inch at center of cup and cut 
out a piece on each side, V shape, 1^ inches at edges ; on the underside 
channel cut and sew together to form cup. 

Face edges with strap three-fourths of an inch wide and long 
enough to come within 2 inches of ends ; shave ends to slope and sew 
down with two seams. 

Punch two holes three-fourths of an inch apart and three-fourths 
of an inch from ends ; cut out between for tail thongs to pass through. 
For thongs cut a strip of latigo leather one-half of an inch wide and 
5 feet long ; shave ends to slope and pass through slit at ends. 

For end facings take a piece of leather 6^ inches square, double and 
shape to end; punch two holes in center of double three-fourths of an 
inch apart and cut out between; soak well and slip thongs through 
slit; draw up snug and sew down with one seam on edges. Thongs 
to be sewed down through center 9 inches from ends of blinds, and 
riveted. 

For thumb piece take a piece of leather 12 inches long and 3i inches 
wide ; punch and slit in 1 inch from edge and 3 inches from ends on 
each side. Lap the sides inward, so as to catch edges, and sew down 
with one seam. Draw it well together and cut ends, so as to shape in 
between straps ; place in center of crown and sew down with one seam 
on edge, and rivet on each side of crown. 

For every five aparejos one packer's blind will be provided. 

packers' saddles. 

(9) Stock saddle. — To be made of No. 1276 Visalia or Pueblo tree, 
with Omaha steel fork, short neck ; beef-hide cover. 

Saddle to be " full-rigged ; " hair girths, 24 strands, two-bar girths, 
with steel stirrups, leather covered; seat of stirrup, 5 inches; seat of 
saddle, from 15^ to 16 inches. 



(10) Bridles. — Regulation size and make and provided with bits 
short in branch and of strong make. 

PACK COVERS. 

(11) Made of 72-inch No. 4 cotton duck, cut 6 feet long; allow 1 
inch at either end for hemming, to be sewed down with No. " " 
canvas twine, four stitches to the inch. 

RIGGING COVERS. 

(12) Made of 22-inch No. 1 cotton duck, cut two lengths 24 feet 
long ; to be lapped and sewed with rolling stitch, with No. " " canvas 
twine, four stitches to ^^^ inch. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 165 



CARGO CO\'ERS. 



(13) Made of 28-inch No. 10 cotton duck, cut five widths 12 feet 
long; lapped on border line and hemmed at ends; to be sewed down 
with flat seam, with No. " " canvas twine, four stitches to the inch. 

FEED COVERS. 

(14) Made of 44-inch No. 10 cotton duck; to be 24 feet long, 
hemmed at ends, to be sewed down with No. " " canvas twine, four 
stitches to the inch. 

LASH KOPE WITH CINCHA. 

(15) Lash rope, standard size to be nine-sixteenths or one-half inch 
best hand-laid manila, 50 feet long, provided with an eye at one end 
to receive lacing of cincha, the opposite end to be well wrapped or 
siezed. 

For cincha provide a section of 28-inch No. 10 cotton duck 18 inches 
wide; fold so as to have a width of 6 inches sewed down with one 
seam one-fourth of an inch from each edge. 

On each end provide a semicircular facing of leather, the same 
under as well as over, length of facing to be 5 inches; the straight 
edge of facing to be parallel or flush with end of cincha, one end to 
be provided with five holes five-sixteenths of an inch in diameter. 
The first two to be spaced equally distant three-fourths of an inch from 
end of cincha and 3^ inches apart; the second two to be spaced in 
similar manner 2f inches from end of cincha and 4^ inches apart; 
the third or center hole to be placed at center at top and three- 
fourths of an inch from center of semicircle. These to receive lac- 
ings of cincha; facings to be sewed down all round with two seams 
one-half of an inch apart and one-fourth of an inch from edge. 

Lacings to be secured to eye on lash rope in customary manner. 

Facings on opposite end to be sewed down on semicircle with two 
seams one-half of an inch apart and one-fourth of an inch from edge ; 
on open end provide four holes to correspond with holes provided 
on cincha hook, introduce the hook between the folds of cincha, place 
in center, and rivet down with No. 8 copper rivets. 

SLING ROPES. 

(16) To be made of f-inch best hand-laid manila, wrapped or 
siezed at each end, and to be 30 feet long. 

LAIR ROPES. 

(17) To be made of f-inch best hand-laid manila; to be provided 
with an eye at one end, the opposite end to be well wrapped or siezed, 
and to be 30 feet long. 

STAMPING. 

(18) The body of the aparejo and crupper should have their 
length and maker's name stamped on them. The aparejo cover, 
cincha, and corona should have the length of the aparejo stenciled on 
them, so that it may be readily known what parts belong together 
without measuring. Care must be taken to stencil corona on sweat 
cloth. 



166 ' PACK TRANSPORTATION. 

BIBBING FOR DALY APABEJOS. 

(19) Sec. 128. The ribbing consists of the following: 

Two saddle bars (wood), right and left. 

Two boot bars (wood), right and left. ' 

Eighteen hickory ribs, consisting of two half sets of nine each, 
equally alike, with 6 pounds of suitable soft hay for padding or 
filling for each aparejo. 

Two locking bars for saddle bars 19f inches long. If inches wide, 
gauge 16. . 

Key bars for locking bars to be 23 inches long, five-eights of an 
inch wide, and three thirty-seconds of an inch thick. 

Locking bar for boot bar to be 19f inches long and 1 inch wide, 
gauge 16. 

Sixty flat-head brass screws three-fourths of an inch, No. 6. 

Saddle bars. — Take two pieces of clear basswood, free of blemishes, 
21 inches long, 7 inches wide, and 2^ inches thick. 

Saddle bars, right and left, to be cut in at one end with two offsets. 

First offset to be cut at right angles, 3^ inches at one end, one way, 
by 2f inches from upper edge. 

Second offset to be cut at right angles at same upper and front end 
5f inches, one way, by 1 inch from upper edge. 

These offsets are cut and shaped to fit under the collar of the apare- 
jos and are considered the forward or front end of saddle bars. 

Now space off " gains " of nine equal parts, commencing at both 
ends to center of " gain," which must be 2^^ inches ; width of gains 
to be 1^ inches ; length of gains, 3| inches ; depth of gains to be five- 
eighths of an inch. 

Now gain for brass key bar, three-fourths of an inch wide and 
three-sixteenths of an inch deep. Position of gain for key bar to be 
3f inches from upper edge to center of gain, extending from front to 
rear. 

Next gain for " locking bar," If inches wide and one-sixteenth of an 
inch deep, 19| inches long, spaced equally distant from each end, cen- 
ter of locking bar over center of key bar. 

Locking bar for saddle bar. — To be of sheet brass (nineteen) 19 
inches long. If inches wide, and one-sixteenth of an inch thick (gauge 
16). 

Locking bar is spaced off into nine equal parts, allowing one-half 
inch to fit into gains. This portion will be turned at right angles so 
as to fit snugly against the wall of gain, and provided with twenty 
holes to receive flathead brass screws three-fourths of an inch, No. 6 
and screwed down to saddle bar. 

Key bar. — Key bar to be of spring brass 23 inches long, five-eighths 
of an inch wide, and three thirty-seconds of an inch thick, rounded 
and slightly tapered at one end; the reverse or opposite end to be 
rounded and provided with a hole three-eighths of an inch from end, 
this to receive leather thong ; diameter of hole, three-sixteenths of an 
inch. 

Saddle bars, right and left, to be shaped on both sides as per sample 
furnished. 

(20) Boot bars. — ^Take two pieces of clear basswood free of blem- 
ishes (twenty-one) 21 inches long, 6 inches wide, and 3 inches thick. 



PACK TKANSPOBTATION. 167 

Now space off '* gains " of nine equal parts exactly similar to those 
provided in saddle bars. Length of gains, 4f inches. 

Now gain for " locking " bar, 1 inch wide and one-sixteenth of an 
inch deep, 19f inches long, spaced equally distant from each end, ex- 
actly similar as that provided in locking bar for saddle bar. 

Locking har for hoot har. — To be of sheet brass (nineteen) 19 inches 
long, 1 inch wide, and one-sixteenth of an inch thick (gauge 16). 

Locking bar for boot is spaced off in similar manner as that pro- 
vided in locking bar for saddle bar and turned at right angles so as to 
fit snugly against the wall of gain. It will be noted that while the 
portion fitting into gains in saddle bar faces downward, that supplied 
in boot bar faces upward. This leaves a space or portion of one-half 
inch extending over gains the length of locking bar. 

Now supply one hole at center of each space to receive flathead 
brass screws three-fourths of an inch. No. 6, and screw down to boot 
bar. 

All holes on brassing must be countersunk to receive screws. 

Boot bars to be shaped on both sides, right and left. 

HICKORY RIBS. 

(21) To be of sound second growth straight-grained hickory, free of 
knots or other blemishes ; 23 inches long, 1 inch wide, and three-eighths 
of an inch thick for 60-inch aparejos; 24 inches long for 62-inch 
aparejos, and 22 inches long for 58-inch aparejos. 

In a half set of nine ribs, the third has a taper of 8 inches at its 
upper end, thickness at end to be three-sixteenths of an inch ; for the 
fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth, successively, a gain of 
2 inches in the taper is provided. 

On one side at bottom and 2 inches therefrom, numerals indicating 
the size of the aparejo, with number of rib, will be stamped thereon, 
a hyphen or dash to be used in separating the number of ribs from the 
number of aparejo. 

In numbering the set of nine ribs, commence with the two that are 
not tapered ; these to be numbered 1 and 2 each. 

Two half sets of nine ribs each comprise a complete set for one 
aparejo. 

In lots of 50 sets, 25 to be 23 inches long; 13 to be 24 inches long, 
and 12 to be 22 inches long for 60, 62, and 58 inch aparejos, re- 
spectively. 

All work to be done in a first-class and accurate manner. 



(22) Hay to be free of joints, or what is known as " swamp " hay ; 
that is, fine, soft, elastic hay, and for each apajero 6 pounds will be 
considered sufficient. 



168 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



Sec. 129. 



Table showing weights of pack saddles and equipments. 
THE APAREJO PROPER. 



Body . . . 
Crupper 

Cover 

Cincha . 
Corona . 



Weight. 



Lbs. Oz. 
18 
7 
7 
5 
5 



Accessories; 

Lash rope with cincha. 

Sling rope 

Lair ropes (2) 

Pack covers (2) 

Pack blanket 

Hear] halter 

Blind 



Set-up: 

Boot sticks (2) 

Sticks, willow (56) . 
Hay 



Total, old method. 



Daly aparejo set-up: 

Saddle bars (2) 

Boot bars (2) 

Ribs, Hickory (18). 
Hay ;...... 



(i 

1 4 

2 4 
11 

5 

2 8 

1 8 



2 

7 

8 4 



Total. 



Old 
method. 



Lbs. Oz. 



New 
method. 



29 8 



17 4 
88 12 



6 





(i 





4 





6 






Lbs. Oz. 



42 a 



29 8 



22 



Total, new method. 



THE CROSS-TREE OR SAWBUCK. 



Saddle 

Breeching.. 
Breast strap 
Corona 



Accessories, same as apareji 
Total 



THE MOORE PACK SADDLE. 



9 

5 



14 
29 8 



Saddle.. 
Crupper 
Cincha . . 
Corona . . 



Accessories, same as aparejo 
Total 



32 8 

5 

5 8 

5 



48 
29 8 



77 8 



CHAPTER VIII. 

D. Special Devices. 

TOOL POUCHES (ENGINEER CORPS). 
(Figs. 68, 69.) 

Sec. 130. The necessity for tool pouches has been the cause of the 
various troubles which the packer has had, from time to time, to pro- 
vide suitable means to transport with safety the different tools em- 
ployed by the Engineer Corps and afford proper protection for the 
body of the animal. 

The assembly of the various tools, etc., so as to give ready access 
when needed, without the necessity of taking off the load, has been 
considered of vital importance to the rapid movements of detach- 
ments of the Engineer Corps under certain conditions. 

To meet this contingency the tool pouches were designed. 

The pouches are made of good, solid leather, about 60 inches long, 
55 inches wide at ends, and 24 inches wide at center or middle, and 
carry two pockets on either side ; the larger at bottom for such tools 
as short-handled shovels, axes, etc. ; the smaller, at top or middle, for 
picks, augers, nails, sledge hammers, etc. 

These pouches are secured to the aparejo by straps at front and 
rear, at the top, or middle; buckles being provided on the aparejo 
for this purpose, and at bottom of pouches by straps passing under 
the boots of the aparejo. 

The pouches are further provided with a metallic device for carry- 
ing such tools as crowbars or implements of greater length than the 
lower pockets. 

The device is attached to the pouches at top or middle by means 
of hinges with suitable provisions to retain crowbars in position. 

PACK CHESTS (ENGINEER CORPS ) . 
(Fig. 70.) 

Sec 131. These chests or boxes, like the tool pouches, were designed 
to be carried on the aparejo and may be used for carrying a small 
supply of prepared rations, or the interior of chests may be arranged 
for safely carrying explosive material or other supplies. 

They are supplied on their exterior with metallic fasteners for se- 
curing chests on the aparejo so that the contents may be extracted 
without taking the boxes off the pack mule. 

The following list of articles of engineer equipment and methods 
of packing them for the allowance of such equipments assigned to 

169 



170 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TEANSPORTATION. 



171 




172 



PACK TBANSPORTATION. 



each squadron of cavalry and each troop of cavalry in the field has 
been approved by the Secretary of War: 

Box No. 1. Outside dimensions 2 feet 8 inches by 12 by 12 inches, 
containing 1 box, match; 100 caps, detonating; 200 feet Bickford 
fuse, 200 feet instantaneous fuse, 50 pounds explosive. Weight, when 
packed, 85 pounds. 




Fig. 70. 

Box No. 2. Outside dimensions 4 feet 6 inches by 8 by 6^ inches, 
containing 2 crowbars, 2 drills, double bitted ; 2 hammers, drilling ; 1 
hammer, engineer ; 1 pliers, 1 chisel, cold ; 1 wrench, monkey ; 1 spoon, 
drilling; 1 shoe, mule, set. Weight, when packed, 103 pounds. 

For each troop outfit, 2 bundles, 5 shovels each, 60 pounds; 1 bun- 
dle, 5 shovels and 1 crowbar, 42 pounds. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



173 



Box No. 1. Outside dimensions 3 feet 7 inches by 11 by 8^ inches, 
containing 6 pliers, wire cutting; 5 pick mattocks, 1 auger, 2 rules. 
Weight, when packed, 80 pounds. 

Box No. 2. Outside dimensions 3 feet 8 inches by 11 by 7 inches, 
containing 4 hatchets, 4 axes, 1 saw, 5 pounds nails. Weight, when 
packed, 78 pounds. 

Boxes to be made of |-inch dressed pine lumber, with lids screwed 
down when shipped, and to be hinged and provided with hasps and 
flat padlocks ; cleats and partitions to be so placed in the boxes as to 
prevent contents from being disarranged and injured by rough 
handling. 

A list of the articles packed in each box should be fastened on the 
inside of the lid, and each box should be numbered and marked to 




i'lG. 71. 



show it contains engineer equipment for a troop or for a squadron. 
The word " explosive " should be plainly printed on all faces of 
Squadron Box No. 1. 

PACK REEL (signal CORPS ) . 

(Figs. 71-72.) 

Sec. 132. The reel consists of the following : The platform, the 
turntable, the caging, and the saddle. 

The platform consists of two side rails, two end rails for center 
boards for holding the gearing, and two brace rails connecting center 
boards and end rails. The platform rests on four strap-iron legs, 
braced at each end. 



174 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



To the bottom of center boards is attached a metal plate, holding a 
vertical shaft and a provision for ball bearings ; a horizontal shaft is 
supplied at the center of one side rail, holding a miter wheel at inner 
end. 

At the outer end of shaft a crank is supplied, by means of which 
the miter wheel may be turned. 

On each side rail at ends a handle is supplied for lifting the pack 
reel to position on the saddle, as provided on the aparejo. 

The turntable is composed of wooden crosspieces, holding at center 
and on under side a horizontal miter wheel. On its upper side a 
metallic cap is supplied with a hole through center of cap and cross- 
pieces for the purpose of being engaged over the vertical shaft, as 
provided on platform. By this arrangement the miter wheel on 




Fig. 72. 

turntable engages over its mate on platform and is rotated by means 
of the horizontal shaft, supplied with a crank or by engagement of 
the " pay-out " end of the coil of wire around a holdfast, the travel 
of the animal causing the turntable to rotate. On outer ends of 
crosspieces a circular metal band is supplied to hold the crosspieces 
rigid. On these crosspieces holes are provided to receive metal 
standards, around which is engaged the coil of wire. 

At one end of platform a brake is supplied, carrying a section of 
light rope, by means of which the " unit " may apply the brake on the 
circular band, thus regulating the " pay out " of wire as may be 
determined. The brake as supplied on end rail is considered the front 
or forward end of pack reel. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 175 

For the purpose of holding the coil of wire within bounds when 
engaged around the standards a " caging " is supplied, composed o^ 
metallic cross arms that engage into slots near each end of side rails 
of platform. At the center of the cross arms a metallic cap is pro- 
vided at intersection of cross arms, a hole being provided at center of 
cap, which engages over the vertical shaft, holding the cross arms 
to place. 

Two circular bands are provided, spaced about 12 inches apart 
by means of distance rods, the upper band being riveted to the hori- 
zontal portion of cross arms ; the lower band is connected to the ver- 
tical portions of cross arms by means of short-distance plates. These 
horizontal distance plates connect with the vertical rods near point of 
engagement of the extremities of cross arms that engage on slots, as 
provided on platform, metal keys being supplied to hold extremities 
of cross arms rigidly in position to side rails of platform. 

A third circular metal band of diameter equal to the outer holes, 
as provided on crosspieces, is provided, holes being spaced equally 
distant thereon, as provided on wooden crosspieces of turntable. 
This band is further supported at its extremity by sections of metal, 
shaped like the letter " L," attached to the horizontal portions of 
cross arms. When cage is in position the upper ends of standards on 
turntable engage into holes, as provided in metal crosspieces of this 
smaller circular band. 

The connection of this smaller circular band, fitting over standards, 
causes them to be held rigidly in position, the turntable thus con- 
trolling rotation of this band, or, as may be said, in unison with it, the 
caging thus keeping the wire within due bounds when " paying out." 

For " paying out " at rear two semicircular iron rods, holding two 
vertical rods, which travel from side to side, are supplied. These are 
attached to the vertical sections of cross arms at rear. Engaged be- 
tween the vertical rods is supplied a device which travels up and 
down these vertical rods, a hole being provided at center of device 
through which the wire passes in " paying out " at rear. By this 
action the wire has liberty to keep in alignment in the " paying 
out," ,the vertical standards moving from side to side, and the 
device up or down, as may be controlled by the action of the wire, 
to relieve all possibility of a holdfast in the " pay out " of the wire. 

For the purpose of carrying the pack reel a saddle is provided, fit- 
ting over the aparejo to which it is attached, at front and rear, and 
with suitable provisions to secure the legs of pack reel, and hold it 
securely in position. 

PACK CHESTS (siGNAL CORPS ) . 
(Fig. 73.) 

Sec 133. These chests are constructed so as to hold the necessary 
apparatus for telephonic communication, as with the provisional field 
artillery. 

The exterior of chests are supplied with metallic fasteners, latigos. 
and sections of rope, for securing the chests on the aparejo, in similar 
manner as provided for engineer-corps chests. 



176 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




I PACK TRANSPORTATION. l77 

LITTER CARRIER (HOSPITAL CORPS ). 

(Figs. 7?.-77.) 

Sec. 134. I'h.e cai^rier. — It consists of two hinges, four side plates — 
two at top and two at bottom or ends, reenforced by wooden shoes 
to strengthen same — four staples, two attached to each end, each 
staple carrying two tug loops. 

Each tug loop is supplied with a side strap and quarter strap. 
The side strap holds a swivel clamj) at opposite end and engages over 
the outer rail or bar of litter ; the quarter strap is supplied with a dis- 
tance strap at end, holding a ring on each end; these rings engage 
over the handles of litter at front and rear. 

On each end of side plates swivel clamps are likewise provided 
that hold the inside rail or bar of litter. The swivel clamps on each 
end of side plates carry a strap, bv means of which the litter, before 
using, is strapped to carrier. 

The side straps and quarter straps are adjustable, so that the litter 
may be carried at any desired incline when traveling up or down a 
mountain. 

The swivel clamps carry set-screws, hy means of which the side 
rails or bars of litter are rigidly engaged. 

Two leather bags or pockets are provided; these are attached 
between the top and bottom distance plates of carrier, and are used 
for carrying bands to secure the wounded, when necessary, bandages, 
and medical supplies. Additional rings are supplied, to which may 
be attached canteens of water, etc. 

A protection from sun and rain may be provided by the use of 
two shelter halves, always available. 

Col. John Van R. Hoff, now deputy surgeon-general. United States 
Army, indorses the above, with the following report to the Surgeon- 
General, United States Army : 

[First indorsement.] 

Fort Leavenworth, Kans., March 15, 1905. 

Respectfully forwarded to the Surgeon-General, United States Army, Wash- 
ington, D. C, recommending that the " Daly " litter frame be subjected to trial 
with view to its adoption by our service. 

One mule with this appliance and 3 men could each day easily make 5 round 
trips of 3 miles each from battlefield to an aid station, carrying altogether 10 
wounded. Assuming that 3 men alone could make 3 round trips, which would 
certainly be the limit, they would remove but 3 wounded ; in other words, 3 
men and a mule would do as much work, and do it better, than 10 men without 
a mule. 

I have used the litter frame somewhat about the post and believe it to be a 
practical and valuable military appliance. 

If it is desired to subject it to a trial in Washington. I have no doubt Mr. 
Daly, who is stationed here, would be glad to forward it or take the litter 
frame to Washington. 

John Van R. Hoff, 
Colonel, Assistant Surgeon-General, United States Army, Surgeon. 

(Note. — The litter carrier was designed to meet the necessity of 
the quick removal of the wounded from near the firing line to first- 
aid station in time of war. For this purpose gentle and easy-gaited 
mules should be used to carry the wounded.) 

52436—08—12 



178 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



179 




180 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TKANSPORTATION. 



181 



While pack service is maintained in the Army there will always 
be a supply of suitable pack animals to draw from to carry the 
wounded, and much safer and better than by hand or ambulance ; the 
possibility of jar as transmitted by the ambulance over ugly condi- 
tions of country is absolutely eliminated by the use of this device. 

For single litter construction, see figs. 76-77. 




AMMUNITION HOXES — ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. 



Sec, 135, During the Spanish- American war (1898) the necessity 
for a rapid ammunition supply, by the aid of suitable ammunition 
boxes, without the necessity of removing the boxes from the pack 
animal, forced itself upon the writer, from the fact that many ropes 
were lost or left at point of delivery when exposed in the zone of fire ; 
also owing to the fact that ammunition deteriorated by exposure to 
dampness, a hermetically-sealed tin case was provided, inclosed in the 
wooden box. (Figs. 78-79.) 



182 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



183 




184 PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 

For the purpose of rapid delivery, two wooden boxes of equal di- 
mensions were provided, the inside dimensions having a greater depth 
and length than the metallic case. A lid was provided on one side, 
acting on hinges; a band of iron passed along the front of the lid 
lengthwise and running upwardly on each end of box at an acute 
angle with the lid of box, the ends of bands being secured by a bolt 
passing through from inside of box and secured over band on outside. 

This arrangement allowed the band to be raised over top of box and 
the lid to open out and down; to retain the band when in position 
over lid, a spring was supplied at center that engaged the band, 
holding band firmly in place. 

On the inside of box, against the top at rear, a cleat was supplied, 
taking up the extra space between the tin case and top of box, or 
nearly so. 

On the front side and bottom of box an iron roller, about one- 
fourth of an inch in diameter was attached, and in front of roller a 
wooden cleat was supplied as a guard for roller in introducing the tin 
case. To add to the easy introduction of the tin case, strips of tin 
were supplied, adjusted along the bottom and ends of box, and for 
the easy action of the roller, a strip was supplied under roller and 
properly secured. 

This arrangement left a space of about 1| inches between the tin 
case and lid of box; to take up this play or space and hold the tin 
case in position behind its roller, a short wooden cleat is attached 
at the center of lid, so that when lid was closed it abutted against the 
side of tin case, holding it in place. 

On the outside of box metallic fasteners, fitting over the corners 
at rear and bottom of box, were supplied. The device or fastener 
on right-hand corner of each box held a hook, worlving on a hinge 
and pivot; the left-hand corner of each box being provided with an 
angle iron holding five buttons, over which the hook engaged when 
the boxes were in position on the aparejo, the number of buttons per- 
mitting the raising or lowering of either box to equalize the load 
should the contents of one box be lighter than its mate. 

Each box by this arrangement has a right-hand hook and a left- 
hand angle iron, holding buttons, thus making boxes interchangeable. 
Each box is then supplied with a " D " ring on each end of box to re- 
ceive the " lashing." 

For lashing two sections of rope about 4 feet long, standard size, 
holding a ring on each end, and attached to each ring a latigo of 
suitable length is attached ; the rope portion is held under the boot 
of the aparejo and latigos engage on to " D " rings on ends of box, 
and secured as in cinching a saddle. 

For the purpose of delivering ammunition at or near the firing 
line, as may be desired, the metal band on front of each box is re- 
leased and passed over the top of box. Both hands then grip the wooden 
box, the thumbs raising the metallic case inside of box so as to free 
the roller at bottom ; this action causes the tin to fall on roller, forc- 
ing the case out instantly, the angle at which the boxes are held on 
the pack mule giving impetus to the delivery of metallic cases by 
their weight when raised above tlie roller. 

The lid is then closed and the band, by quick action, takes position 
over spring, retaining the band securely, and the animal is ready to 



PACK TRANSPORTATION". 185 

return to the supply depot for another load of ammunition and de- 
liver as before. 

By the aid of these wooden boxes and metallic cases, a rapid and 
systematic ammunition supply can be maintained along the extent 
of firing line by pack mules; on the basis of 1,000 rounds to the metal- 
lic case, 100,000 rounds of ammunition can be delivered at any point 
on the firing line in from two to three minutes, with proper assist- 
ance on reaching the firing line, with a train of 50 pack mules. 

Figures 80 and 81 show how the paper packages are delivered on 
the firing line. When not using the metallic case one box is provided 
with a false tin case, open at the top, by the aid of which as many 
paper boxes may be extracted as may be desired, or the false case 
may be dispensed with and the contents of both boxes delivered 
instantly. 

A board of officers was convened at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., May, 
1899, and recommended the adoption of these boxes. 

PACK OUTFrr, AMERICAN MODEL, FOR MAXIM AUTOMATIC MACHINE GUN, 
CALIBER 30, MODEL OF 1904. 

(Figs. 80, 81, 82, and 83.) 

Sec. 136. A complete outfit for one gun comprises five packs — one 
for the gun and tripod, one for carrying six boxes of ammunition 
loading machine, and box of tools and accessories, and three each 
carrying six boxes of ammunition and two water boxes. 

The following is a list of the parts common to all the packs: 
(1) Halter bridle, (2) blinders, (3) corona, (4) aparejo, (5) crupper, 
(6) sobre-jalma, (7) pack frame, (8) aparejo cincha, (9) belly cincha, 
(10) load cincha. 

To complete the ammunition and belt-filling machine pack, add to 
the above ammunition hangers six ammunition boxes, one belt-filling 
machine and box, and one box of tools and accessories. To complete 
the ammunition and water box packs, add to the above : The ammuni- 
tion hangers, six boxes of ammunition, and two water boxes. On 
one of these packs is carried (1) the filling cup with its straps. 

To complete the gun pack, add: (1) Gun hanger and gun, (2) tri- 
pod hanger and tripod, (3) barrel case and spare barrel, (4) ammu- 
nition boxes. 

The packs are practically identical in all details, except the design 
of the hangers, these being especially adapted to the loads they are 
to carry. (See footnote page 192.) 

APAREJO, PROPER. 

The aparejo, proper, includes the body, crupper, sobre-jalma, cincha, 
and corona. 

THE PACK FRAME. 

The Rice frame is identical for all packs. It consists of two bronze 
arches connected longitudinally by steel angles. To the projecting 
ends of the arches are riveted four steel hoops or ribs, which hang 
downward and partly embrace the body of the animal. The frame- 
work thus formed is strengthened by four steel plates riveted fore and 
aft, two to the underside of the ends of the arches and two to the 



186 



PACK TKANSPORTATION. 




PACK TBANSPORTATION. 



187 




188 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



/ 189 




190 PACK TRANSPOETATION. 

floating ends of the ribs. Strips of wood are attached to these steel 
plates, which serve to stiffen them. The upper strips of wood are 
gained to form a seat for the aparejo cincha. These, and also the 
lower strips, serve to distribute the pressure of the cincha and the 
load. To the ends of the bronze arches hooks are attached for hold- 
ing the hangers. 

THE HANGERS. 

There are three different designs, viz, the gun hanger, the tripod 
hanger, and the ammunition hanger. 

The ammunition hanger consists of a rear frame made of angle 
steel, to the lower side of which is riveted the bottom frame, made also 
of angle steel, but with the webbing cut away from the ends of the 
frame. The top of the rear frame and of the outer corners of the 
bottom frame are connected by side braces. The rear frame has a 
rear top brace riveted to its upper ends; also two inclined braces 
riveted each with one end to the middle of the lower bar of the frame, 
the other end to the rear top brace near its ends. To these latter 
braces are riveted the hanger eyes. To the back of the rear frame 
and about 3 inches from its lower edge is riveted the rear bottom 
brace. This brace rests against the ribs hanging from the pack 
frame. 

The hangers for gun and tripod consist of two hooks bent to suit 
the load, and are made of steel. They are provided with eyes for 
attachment to the hooks on the arch frame, and are fitted with dis- 
tance pieces, which rest on the ribs hanging from the pack frame, 
thus keeping the load away from the sides of the animal. 

THE GUN COVER, SPARE BARREL, AND FHiLING CUP. 

The gun cover is made of heavy olive-drab duck and protects the 
gun from dust and rain. 

The spare barrel is carried in a russet-leather case strapped to the 
pack frame under the hanger on the gun side of the pack. 

The filling cup for filling water jacket is carried strapped to the 
pack frame of one of the ammunition and water packs. 

The various parts of the pack are shown separately in Pis. XVII 
and XVIII. 

The weights of the loads are as follows : 

Gun and tripod pack. 

Pounds. 

Blinder 1 

Halter bridle 5 

Aparejo, proper 53. 75 

Belly cincha 2. 2 

Load cincha ' 5 

Gun with water jacket filled 74. 5 

Pouch for rear sight carriage .18 

Tripod 77. 5 

Hanger of gun, with cover 10 

Hanger of tripod 9 

Spare barrel and case 7. 5 

Pack frame 29 

Pack paulin, 78"x36".5 3.25 

Total 278. 35 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 191 

Ammunition and belt filling machine pack. 

Pounds. 
Blinder 1 

Halter bridle 5 

Aparejo, proper 53. 75 

Belt-fllling machine and box 23.38 

Ammunition bangers (2) 22 

Ammunition boxes, empty (6) 30.96 

Belly cincba 2. 2 

Load cincha 5 

1,500 rounds of ammunition 96 

Box with tools and accessories ' 20 

Pack frame 29 

Pack paulin, 78"x36".5 3.25 

Total 291. 54 

Am,m,unition and, water box pack. 

Blinder 1 

Halter bridle 5 

Aparejo, proper 53. 75 

Ammunition hangers (2) 22 

Ammunition boxes, empty (6) 31 

Belly cincha 2. 2 

Load cincha 5 

Water boxes, filled (2) 37.25 

1,500 rounds of ammunition 96 

Filling cup and straps" 1.75 

Pack frame ■ 29 

Pack paulin, 78"x36".5 3.25 

Total 287. 20 

The top of the pack frame is so constructed that it may in emer- 
gencies be used as a seat, on which to pack from one to three standard- 
sized boxes of ammunition or other contents. For ordinary service, 
however, these packs are sufficiently heavy without such a top load. 

TO PREPARE AND LOAD THE PACKS. 

The animal being bridled and blinded, the pack is placed in posi- 
tion as follows: 

The corona is first put on, the canvas side next the animal and the 
edge with circular stitching just over the withers. 

The crupper, sobre-jalma, and pack frame are all bound to the 
aparejo body. The crupper is first attached by the leather thongs 
provided for the purpose. The sobre-jalma is then placed in position 
over the aparejo body, the slits near its center being passed over the 
staples projecting from the aparejo body. Next comes the pack frame, 
which is placed over all, the staples mentioned above passing through 
slots in the projecting ends of the flat steel pieces riveted to the 
bronze arches. The whole is fastened together by leather billets 
sewed to the sobre-jalma, the ends of which pass through the eyes of 
the staples. 

The parts thus assembled are placed on the animal over the corona 
and bound in place by the aparejo cincha. The cincha is placed in 
position by passing the gas pipe end (seam side up) through the 
pack frame from the near side and bringing it up under the animal's 
belly. It is bound by simply passing the cincha strap several times 

« On one pack only. 



192 PACK TEANSPORTATION. 

through its seat in the end of the cincha and a ring fastened to the 
cincha strap near its fast end. 

The pressure of the folds one upon another prevents slipping of 
the cincha strap. The loose end of the cincha strap is passed through 
a loop sewed to the cincha. 

The hangers, gun, and tripod, or anununition, are next placed in 
position and secured to the belly cinchas. The loads are then placed 
in position and fastened by straps attached to the various hangers. 

The load cincha is now put on and lashed in place by the straps in 
the ends of the belly cincha. These straps also pass through D rings 
attached to the hangers, thus binding the various parts of the load 
firmly together. 

CAKE AND PRESERVATION OF LEATHER EQUIPMENTS. 

These equipments are made of russet leather containing enough 
oil to materially improve the quality and increase the life of the 
leather, but not enough to soil the clothing if the equipment is prop- 
erly cared for. 

The leather is pure oak tanned, of No. 1 tannage and finish, hand 
stuffed, with a light dubbing made of pure tallow and cod liver oil 
to preserve the leather, the dubbing being so sparingly used that the 
oil will not exude. 

The following directions for cleaning and preserving the leather 
equipment should be carefully followed : 

To preserve the life of russet leather equipments they should be 
cleaned whenever dirt, grit, or dust has collected on them or when 
they have become saturated with the sweat of a horse. In cleaning 
them the parts should first be separated and each part sponged, using 
a lather of castile soap and warm water. When nearly dry a lather 
of Crown soap and warm water should be used. If the equipment is 
cared for frequently this method is sufficient; but if the leather has 
become hard and dry a little neat's-foot oil should be applied after 
washing with castile soap. When the oil is dry the equipments 
should be sponged lightly with Crown soap and water, which will 
remove the surplus remaining on the surface. If a polish is desired 
a thin coat of russet-leather polish issued by the Ordnance Depart- 
ment should be applied and rubbed briskly with a drj^ cloth. 

Particular care should be taken not to use too much Crown soap or 
water, as the result will be detrimental to the life of the leather. In 
no case should leather he dipped in water or he placed in the sun to 
dry. 

Weights. 

Weight of gun, water jacket empty pounds__ 61. 5 

Weight of gun, water jacket filled do 74.5 

Capacity of water jacket pints— 13 

Weight of tripod, complete, with cleaning rod pounds__ 78 

Weight of wheeled mount, without equipment do 235 

Weight of one ammunition box, with belt containing 250 cartridges, 

pounds 21. 16 

Weight of tool box, filled pounds.. 20 

Weight of water box do 18.62 

Weight of belt-filling machine box, filled do 21 



PACK TEANSPORTATION. 



lya 




52436—08 13 



194 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



195 




196 



PACK TEANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 



197 




198 PACK TEANSPORTATION, 

(Note. 1. For improved method of carrying the Maxim automatic 
machine gim, caliber 30, see figs, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88.) (Designed by 
H. W. Daly.) 

2. Footnote. This short description or portion is taken from No. 
1770, Handbook of the Maxim automatic machine gun, caliber 30. 
Revised January 7, 1908. 

PACK OUTFIT, AMERICAN MODEL, FOR 2.95-INCH VICKERS-MAXIM MOUNTAIN 

GUN. 

[Figs. 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94. 95.] 

Sec. 137. Experience in the Philippines demonstrated that the 
English outfit is not entirely satisfactory, and a new pack, based on 
American practice, has been designed. The component parts per 
unit (one gun) of the American outfit are as follows : (See footnote.) 



13 halter bridles. 

13 aparejos — three 5S-inch, seven 60- 
inch, and three 62-inch. 

13 coronas — three 4S-inch, seven 50- 
inch, and three 52-inch. 

13 sobre-jalmas — three 59-iuch, seven 
61-inch, and three 63-inch. 

13 aparejo cinchas. 

10 belly cinchas. 

13 cruppers 12 by 8 by 78 inches. 

2 dragropes. 

2 wheel hangers. 
1 pad for trail. 

1 tool case, with inside pockets. 
1 tool case, with inside straps. 
4 lifting rods. 

3 load cinchas. 

9 ammunition cinchas. 
13 blinders. 



1 sponge brush and sponge rod. 

1 cleaning brush. 

2 tubular oil cans. 

1 tubular oil-can carrier, with straps. 

2 piston-rod protectors. 
1 cradle cleaner. 

1 set of tompions for cradle. 

1 front-sight cover. 

1 breech cover. 

1 tangent-sight cover. . 

1 muzzle cover. 

1 gunner's pouch. 

6 lash ropes. 

3 implement straps. 
13 pack frames. 

12 combined packing cases and ammu- 
nition hangers (12J-pound shell). 

6 combined packing cases and ammu- 
nition hangers (18-pound shell). 



(Notes.— (1) The above provides necessary equipment for one 
mule for gun, one mule for trail, one mule for cradle, one mule for 
wheels and accessories, and nine mules for ammunition. (2) A com- 
plete outfit for a four-gun battery would be obtained by multiplying 
the number of each of the articles above enumerated by four.) 

The pack frame placed on the aparejo, is identical for all packs, 
and consists of two cast-bronze arches connected by bronze side bars ; 
the frame thus formed is riveted to two steel hoops or ribs, which 
are connected fore and aft by four steel plates stiffened by flat pieces 
of wood, the lower ones supporting and distributing the effects of 
side loads when hangers are used. 

The arrangement of the packs remains the same as in the English 
system, and while the weights of the loads with packs are greater 
they are closer to the mule's back, lessening the tendency to shift, are 
more securely lashed, and the weight is better distributed by the 
greater bearing surface of the aparejo. The method of lashing is 
shown in Figs. 89 to 95, inclusive. 

Footnote. — This short description or portion is taken from No. 
1761 of 2.95-inch mountain gun, carriage, and pack outfit. September 
1, 1904. 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



199 




200 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TKANSPORTATION. 



201 




202 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



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204 



PACK TEANSPOETATION. 




PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



205 




206 



PACK TRANSPORTATION. 



No. of 
mule. 



Description of load. 



Gun, complete, with mechanism 

Breech and muzzle covers 

Load cincha 

Lash ropes 

Gunner's pouch 

Pack, complete— bridle, aparejo, crupper, cinchas, coronas, sobre-jalma and frame. 

Total 



Cradle, with buffers tilled with oil. 

Load cincha and lash loops 

Cradle cleaner and tompions 

Tool bo.xes, with tools 

Pack, complete 



Total . 



[Trail with elevating gear 

Trail pad, lash loops, and load cincha. 
Pack, complete 



Total. 



Wheels (2) 

One axle, with linchpin and washers 

Hangers 

Dragropes (2), brake ropes (2) 

Handspike, lifting bars, sponge brush and rod . 

Implement straps and belly cincha 

Pack, complete 



Total . 



Ammunition-box hangers (2) . . . 

Rounds, complete 1 12) 

Ammunition and bellv cinchas. 

Tubular oil can (filled) 

Pack, complete 



Total. 



Ammunition-box hangers 

Rounds, complete (10, double common shells) 

Cinchas 

Pack, complete- 



Total . 



Weight. 



Pounds. 
236 
2 
4 
2 
1 
90 

335 

194 
6 
4 
12 
90 

306 

238 

8 

90 



131 
48 
20 
18 
25 
5 
90 

337 

44 
180 
7 
12 
90 

333 

42 

205 

7 

90 

344 



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